feat: split tests into per-suite files

destrum/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -58,11 +58,13 @@ set(SRC_FILES
         "src/Graphics/BindlessSetManager.cpp"
         "src/Graphics/Camera.cpp"
         "src/Graphics/DebugDraw.cpp"
+        "src/Graphics/DeletionQueue.cpp"
         "src/Graphics/ComputePipeline.cpp"
         "src/Graphics/Frustum.cpp"
         "src/Graphics/GfxDevice.cpp"
         "src/Graphics/Caches/ImageCache.cpp"
         "src/Graphics/ImageLoader.cpp"
+        "src/Graphics/IndirectDrawList.cpp"
         "src/Graphics/ImmediateExecuter.cpp"
         "src/Graphics/Init.cpp"
         "src/Graphics/Caches/MaterialCache.cpp"
@@ -127,7 +129,6 @@ set(SRC_FILES
         "src/Util/SceneInspector.cpp"
 
         "src/Physics/PhysicsWorld.cpp"
-        "src/Physics/SimplePhysicsWorld.cpp"
         "src/Physics/PhysicsSceneBridge.cpp"
         "src/Physics/JoltPhysicsWorld.cpp"
 )
@@ -232,6 +233,7 @@ if (SPIRV_VAL_EXECUTABLE)
         file(RELATIVE_PATH shader_relative "${ASSETS_SRC_DIR}" "${shader_source}")
         list(APPEND VALIDATE_SHADER_COMMANDS
                 COMMAND "${SPIRV_VAL_EXECUTABLE}"
+                --target-env vulkan1.3 --scalar-block-layout
                 "${ASSETS_RUNTIME_DIR}/${shader_relative}.spv")
     endforeach()
 

destrum/assets_src/shaders/instance_data.glsl

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#ifndef INSTANCE_DATA_GLSL
+#define INSTANCE_DATA_GLSL
+
+#extension GL_EXT_buffer_reference : require
+#extension GL_EXT_scalar_block_layout : require
+
+#include "vertex.glsl"
+
+// Must match GPUInstanceData in IndirectDrawList.h
+struct InstanceData {
+    mat4 transform;
+    VertexBuffer vertexBuffer;
+    uint materialID;
+    uint padding;
+};
+
+layout (buffer_reference, scalar) readonly buffer InstanceBuffer {
+    InstanceData instances[];
+};
+
+#endif // INSTANCE_DATA_GLSL

destrum/assets_src/shaders/mesh.frag

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ layout (location = 0) in vec3 inPos;
 layout (location = 1) in vec2 inUV;
 layout (location = 2) in vec3 inNormal;
 layout (location = 3) in vec4 inTangent;
+layout (location = 4) flat in uint inMaterialID;
 
 layout (location = 0) out vec4 outFragColor;
 
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ float calculateShadow(Light light, vec3 fragPos, vec3 geometryNormal)
 
 void main()
 {
-    MaterialData material = pcs.sceneData.materials.data[pcs.materialID];
+    MaterialData material = pcs.sceneData.materials.data[inMaterialID];
     uint samplerID = material.textureFilteringMode;
 
     vec4 diffuse = sampleTexture2D(material.diffuseTex, samplerID, inUV) * material.baseColor;

destrum/assets_src/shaders/mesh.vert

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ layout (location = 0) out vec3 outPos;
 layout (location = 1) out vec2 outUV;
 layout (location = 2) out vec3 outNormal;
 layout (location = 3) out vec4 outTangent;
+layout (location = 4) flat out uint outMaterialID;
 
 // The depth pre-pass reuses this shader, positions have to match bit for bit
 // so the main pass can depth test against it with LESS_OR_EQUAL
@@ -15,9 +16,11 @@ invariant gl_Position;
 
 void main()
 {
-    Vertex v = pcs.vertexBuffer.vertices[gl_VertexIndex];
+    // gl_InstanceIndex already includes the indirect command's firstInstance
+    InstanceData instance = pcs.instanceBuffer.instances[gl_InstanceIndex];
+    Vertex v = instance.vertexBuffer.vertices[gl_VertexIndex];
 
-    vec4 worldPos = pcs.transform * vec4(v.position, 1.0f);
+    vec4 worldPos = instance.transform * vec4(v.position, 1.0f);
 
     gl_Position = pcs.sceneData.viewProj * worldPos;
     outPos = worldPos.xyz;
@@ -25,9 +28,10 @@ void main()
     // A bit inefficient, but okay - this is needed for non-uniform scale
     // models. See: http://www.lighthouse3d.com/tutorials/glsl-12-tutorial/the-normal-matrix/
     // Simpler case, when everything is uniform
-    // outNormal = (pcs.transform * vec4(v.normal, 0.0)).xyz;
-    outNormal = mat3(transpose(inverse(pcs.transform))) * v.normal;
+    // outNormal = (instance.transform * vec4(v.normal, 0.0)).xyz;
+    outNormal = mat3(transpose(inverse(instance.transform))) * v.normal;
 
     // w is the bitangent sign, the fragment shader builds the TBN from the interpolated vectors
-    outTangent = vec4(mat3(pcs.transform) * v.tangent.xyz, v.tangent.w);
+    outTangent = vec4(mat3(instance.transform) * v.tangent.xyz, v.tangent.w);
+    outMaterialID = instance.materialID;
 }

destrum/assets_src/shaders/mesh_pcs.glsl

@@ -2,14 +2,10 @@
 #extension GL_EXT_scalar_block_layout: require
 
 #include "scene_data.glsl"
-#include "vertex.glsl"
+#include "instance_data.glsl"
 
 layout (push_constant, scalar) uniform constants
 {
-    mat4 transform;
     SceneDataBuffer sceneData;
-    VertexBuffer vertexBuffer;
-    uint materialID;
-    uint padding;
+    InstanceBuffer instanceBuffer;
 } pcs;
-

destrum/assets_src/shaders/shadow.vert

@@ -4,17 +4,18 @@
 #extension GL_EXT_buffer_reference : require
 #extension GL_EXT_scalar_block_layout : require
 
-#include "vertex.glsl"
+#include "instance_data.glsl"
 
 layout (push_constant, scalar) uniform constants
 {
-    mat4 modelToLightClip;
-    VertexBuffer vertexBuffer;
+    mat4 lightViewProj;
+    InstanceBuffer instanceBuffer;
 } pcs;
 
 void main()
 {
-    Vertex v = pcs.vertexBuffer.vertices[gl_VertexIndex];
+    InstanceData instance = pcs.instanceBuffer.instances[gl_InstanceIndex];
+    Vertex v = instance.vertexBuffer.vertices[gl_VertexIndex];
 
-    gl_Position = pcs.modelToLightClip * vec4(v.position, 1.0f);
+    gl_Position = pcs.lightViewProj * instance.transform * vec4(v.position, 1.0f);
 }

destrum/include/destrum/Graphics/Caches/ImageCache.h

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <filesystem>
+#include <memory>
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -28,6 +29,7 @@ public:
     ImageID addImage(GPUImage image);
     ImageID addImage(ImageID id, GPUImage image);
     [[nodiscard]] const GPUImage& getImage(ImageID id) const;
+    void removeImage(ImageID id);
 
     [[nodiscard]] ImageID getFreeImageId() const;
     [[nodiscard]] std::uint32_t getMaxImageCount() const {
@@ -52,6 +54,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
     std::vector<GPUImage> images;
+    std::shared_ptr<std::vector<ImageID>> freeIds = std::make_shared<std::vector<ImageID>>();
     GfxDevice& gfxDevice;
 
     struct LoadedImageInfo {

destrum/include/destrum/Graphics/Caches/MaterialCache.h

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ public:
 
 
     Material& getMaterialMutable(MaterialID id);
-    void updateMaterialGPU(MaterialID id);
+    [[nodiscard]] MaterialData getMaterialData(MaterialID id) const;
 
 private:
     [[nodiscard]] MaterialData toMaterialData(const Material& material) const;

destrum/include/destrum/Graphics/Caches/MeshCache.h

@@ -16,12 +16,24 @@ public:
 
     MeshID addMesh(GfxDevice& gfxDevice, const CPUMesh& cpuMesh);
     const GPUMesh& getMesh(MeshID id) const;
+    [[nodiscard]] const std::vector<GPUMesh>& getMeshes() const { return meshes; }
     const CPUMesh& getCPUMesh(MeshID id) const;
     [[nodiscard]] const std::string& getMeshKey(MeshID id) const;
     [[nodiscard]] std::optional<MeshID> findMeshByKey(std::string_view key) const;
 
+    [[nodiscard]] const GPUBuffer& getIndexBuffer() const { return indexBuffer; }
+    [[nodiscard]] std::uint32_t getIndexCount() const { return indexCount; }
+    [[nodiscard]] std::uint32_t getIndexCapacity() const { return indexCapacity; }
+
 private:
-    void uploadMesh(GfxDevice& gfxDevice, const CPUMesh& cpuMesh, GPUMesh& gpuMesh) const;
+    void uploadMesh(GfxDevice& gfxDevice, const CPUMesh& cpuMesh, GPUMesh& gpuMesh);
+    void ensureIndexCapacity(GfxDevice& gfxDevice, std::uint32_t requiredIndices);
+
+    static constexpr std::uint32_t InitialIndexCapacity = 1u << 20;
+
+    GPUBuffer indexBuffer;
+    std::uint32_t indexCount{0};
+    std::uint32_t indexCapacity{0};
 
     std::vector<GPUMesh> meshes;
     std::vector<CPUMesh> cpuMeshes;

destrum/include/destrum/Graphics/DeletionQueue.h

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#ifndef DELETIONQUEUE_H
+#define DELETIONQUEUE_H
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <deque>
+#include <functional>
+
+class DeletionQueue {
+public:
+    void push(std::uint64_t retiredInFrame, std::function<void()>&& deleter);
+
+    void flush(std::uint64_t lastCompletedFrame);
+
+    void flushAll();
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::size_t size() const { return entries.size(); }
+    [[nodiscard]] bool empty() const { return entries.empty(); }
+
+private:
+    struct Entry {
+        std::uint64_t frame;
+        std::function<void()> deleter;
+    };
+
+    std::deque<Entry> entries;
+};
+
+#endif // DELETIONQUEUE_H

destrum/include/destrum/Graphics/FrameConfig.h

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#ifndef FRAMECONFIG_H
+#define FRAMECONFIG_H
+
+#include <cstdint>
+
+inline constexpr std::uint32_t FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT = 2;
+
+#endif // FRAMECONFIG_H

destrum/include/destrum/Graphics/GfxDevice.h

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 #include <glm/vec2.hpp>
 #include <glm/vec4.hpp>
 
+#include <destrum/Graphics/DeletionQueue.h>
 #include <destrum/Graphics/GPUImage.h>
 #include <destrum/Graphics/Swapchain.h>
 #include <destrum/Graphics/Resources/Buffer.h>
@@ -113,7 +114,8 @@ public:
         return memoryManager.createBuffer(allocSize, usage, memoryUsage);
     }
 
-    void destroyBuffer(GPUBuffer& buffer) const
+    void destroyBuffer(GPUBuffer& buffer);
+    void destroyBufferNow(GPUBuffer& buffer) const
     {
         memoryManager.destroyBuffer(buffer);
     }
@@ -148,11 +150,24 @@ public:
         imageManager.uploadImageData(image, pixelData, byteSize, layer);
     }
 
-    void destroyImage(GPUImage& image) const
+    void destroyImage(GPUImage& image);
+    void destroyImageNow(GPUImage& image) const
     {
         imageManager.destroyImage(image);
     }
 
+    void deferDestroy(std::function<void()>&& deleter);
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::uint64_t getFrameNumber() const
+    {
+        return frameManager.getFrameNumber();
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::size_t getPendingDeletionCount() const
+    {
+        return deletionQueue.size();
+    }
+
     [[nodiscard]] VkDevice getVkDevice() const
     {
         return instanceManager.getDevice();
@@ -228,6 +243,7 @@ private:
     ImageManager imageManager;
 
     VulkanImmediateExecutor executor;
+    DeletionQueue deletionQueue;
 
     Swapchain swapchain;
     VkFormat swapchainFormat{VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED};

destrum/include/destrum/Graphics/IndirectDrawList.h

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+#ifndef INDIRECTDRAWLIST_H
+#define INDIRECTDRAWLIST_H
+
+#include <array>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <glm/mat4x4.hpp>
+#include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
+
+#include <destrum/Graphics/FrameConfig.h>
+#include <destrum/Graphics/Frustum.h>
+#include <destrum/Graphics/MeshDrawCommand.h>
+#include <destrum/Graphics/Resources/Buffer.h>
+
+class GfxDevice;
+struct GPUMesh;
+
+// Must match InstanceData in instance_data.glsl
+struct GPUInstanceData {
+    glm::mat4 transform;
+    VkDeviceAddress vertexBuffer;
+    std::uint32_t materialId;
+    std::uint32_t padding;
+};
+static_assert(sizeof(GPUInstanceData) == 80);
+
+class IndirectDrawList {
+public:
+    struct View {
+        std::uint32_t firstCommand{0};
+        std::uint32_t commandCount{0};
+        std::uint32_t instanceCount{0};
+    };
+
+    enum class Filter {
+        All,
+        ShadowCasters,
+    };
+
+    void cleanup(GfxDevice& gfxDevice);
+
+    void begin(std::uint32_t frameIndex);
+
+    View addView(
+        const std::vector<GPUMesh>& meshes,
+        const std::vector<MeshDrawCommand>& drawCommands,
+        const std::vector<std::size_t>& sortedDrawCommands,
+        const Frustum& frustum,
+        Filter filter);
+
+    void upload(GfxDevice& gfxDevice);
+
+    void draw(VkCommandBuffer cmd, const GPUBuffer& indexBuffer, const View& view) const;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] VkDeviceAddress getInstanceBufferAddress() const;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] const std::vector<GPUInstanceData>& getInstances() const { return instances; }
+    [[nodiscard]] const std::vector<VkDrawIndexedIndirectCommand>& getCommands() const { return commands; }
+
+private:
+    struct PerFrameBuffers {
+        GPUBuffer instances;
+        GPUBuffer commands;
+        std::size_t instanceCapacity{0};
+        std::size_t commandCapacity{0};
+    };
+
+    static constexpr std::size_t InitialInstanceCapacity = 1024;
+    static constexpr std::size_t InitialCommandCapacity = 256;
+
+    std::array<PerFrameBuffers, FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT> frames{};
+    std::uint32_t currentFrame{0};
+
+    std::vector<GPUInstanceData> instances;
+    std::vector<VkDrawIndexedIndirectCommand> commands;
+};
+
+#endif // INDIRECTDRAWLIST_H

destrum/include/destrum/Graphics/Managers/FrameManager.h

@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
 
 #include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
 
+#include <destrum/Graphics/FrameConfig.h>
+
 class FrameManager {
 public:
     struct FrameData {
@@ -27,10 +29,12 @@ public:
     [[nodiscard]] VkCommandBuffer beginFrame();
     void endFrame(VkCommandBuffer cmd);
 
-    void waitIdle() const;
-
     [[nodiscard]] std::uint32_t getCurrentFrameIndex() const {
-        return frameNumber % 2;
+        return static_cast<std::uint32_t>(frameNumber % FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
+    }
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::uint64_t getFrameNumber() const {
+        return frameNumber;
     }
 
     [[nodiscard]] FrameData& getCurrentFrame() {
@@ -48,9 +52,8 @@ public:
     void nextFrame();
 
 private:
-    static constexpr std::size_t FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT = 2;
     std::array<FrameData, FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT> frames{};
-    std::uint32_t frameNumber{0};
+    std::uint64_t frameNumber{0};
     VkDevice device{VK_NULL_HANDLE};
 };
 

destrum/include/destrum/Graphics/Managers/VulkanInstanceManager.h

@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@ public:
         VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures device{
             .imageCubeArray = VK_TRUE,
             .geometryShader = VK_TRUE,
+            .multiDrawIndirect = VK_TRUE,
+            .drawIndirectFirstInstance = VK_TRUE,
             .depthClamp = VK_TRUE,
             .fillModeNonSolid = VK_TRUE,
             .samplerAnisotropy = VK_TRUE,

destrum/include/destrum/Graphics/Pipelines/MeshPipeline.h

@@ -9,9 +9,8 @@
 #include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
 
 #include <destrum/Graphics/Pipeline.h>
-#include <destrum/Graphics/Camera.h>
+#include <destrum/Graphics/IndirectDrawList.h>
 #include <destrum/Graphics/Resources/Buffer.h>
-#include <destrum/Graphics/MeshDrawCommand.h>
 
 class GfxDevice;
 class RenderResources;
@@ -31,19 +30,17 @@ public:
         VkCommandBuffer cmd,
         VkExtent2D renderExtent,
         const RenderResources& resources,
-        const Camera& camera,
         const GPUBuffer& sceneDataBuffer,
-        const std::vector<MeshDrawCommand>& drawCommands,
-        const std::vector<std::size_t>& sortedDrawCommands);
+        const IndirectDrawList& drawList,
+        const IndirectDrawList::View& view);
 
     void draw(
         VkCommandBuffer cmd,
         VkExtent2D renderExtent,
         const RenderResources& resources,
-        const Camera& camera,
         const GPUBuffer& sceneDataBuffer,
-        const std::vector<MeshDrawCommand>& drawCommands,
-        const std::vector<std::size_t>& sortedDrawCommands);
+        const IndirectDrawList& drawList,
+        const IndirectDrawList::View& view);
 
     void cleanup(VkDevice device);
 
@@ -57,11 +54,8 @@ public:
 
 private:
     struct PushConstants {
-        glm::mat4 transform;
         VkDeviceAddress sceneDataBuffer;
-        VkDeviceAddress vertexBuffer;
-        std::uint32_t materialId;
-        std::uint32_t padding;
+        VkDeviceAddress instanceBuffer;
     };
 
     void drawMeshes(
@@ -69,10 +63,9 @@ private:
         const Pipeline& pipeline,
         VkExtent2D renderExtent,
         const RenderResources& resources,
-        const Camera& camera,
         const GPUBuffer& sceneDataBuffer,
-        const std::vector<MeshDrawCommand>& drawCommands,
-        const std::vector<std::size_t>& sortedDrawCommands);
+        const IndirectDrawList& drawList,
+        const IndirectDrawList::View& view);
 
 private:
     VkPipelineLayout m_pipelineLayout{VK_NULL_HANDLE};

destrum/include/destrum/Graphics/Pipelines/ShadowMapPipeline.h

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 #include <destrum/Graphics/Light.h>
 #include <destrum/Graphics/Pipeline.h>
 #include <destrum/Graphics/ids.h>
-#include <destrum/Graphics/MeshDrawCommand.h>
+#include <destrum/Graphics/IndirectDrawList.h>
 
 class GfxDevice;
 struct GPUImage;
@@ -32,15 +32,15 @@ public:
     void drawDirectionalShadow(
         VkCommandBuffer cmd,
         const RenderResources& resources,
-        const std::vector<MeshDrawCommand>& drawCommands,
-        const std::vector<std::size_t>& sortedDrawCommands,
+        const IndirectDrawList& drawList,
+        const IndirectDrawList::View& view,
         const glm::mat4& lightViewProj);
 
     void drawSpotShadows(
         VkCommandBuffer cmd,
         const RenderResources& resources,
-        const std::vector<MeshDrawCommand>& drawCommands,
-        const std::vector<std::size_t>& sortedDrawCommands,
+        const IndirectDrawList& drawList,
+        const std::vector<IndirectDrawList::View>& views,
         const std::vector<glm::mat4>& lightViewProjs);
 
     [[nodiscard]] glm::mat4 calculateDirectionalViewProj(const glm::vec3& lightDirection, const glm::vec3& center) const;
@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ public:
 private:
     struct PushConstants
     {
-        glm::mat4 modelToLightClip;
-        VkDeviceAddress vertexBuffer;
+        glm::mat4 lightViewProj;
+        VkDeviceAddress instanceBuffer;
     };
 
     void beginDepthRendering(VkCommandBuffer cmd, const RenderResources& resources, const GPUImage& depthImage);
@@ -67,8 +67,8 @@ private:
     void drawShadowCasters(
         VkCommandBuffer cmd,
         const RenderResources& resources,
-        const std::vector<MeshDrawCommand>& drawCommands,
-        const std::vector<std::size_t>& sortedDrawCommands,
+        const IndirectDrawList& drawList,
+        const IndirectDrawList::View& view,
         const glm::mat4& lightViewProj);
 
     VkPipelineLayout m_pipelineLayout{VK_NULL_HANDLE};

destrum/include/destrum/Graphics/RenderResources.h

@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ public:
         TextureIntent intent = TextureIntent::ColorSrgb);
 
     ImageID addImageToCache(GPUImage image);
+    void destroyImage(ImageID id);
 
     // Imports a file-backed model and uploads its mesh/material resources.
     // References are keyed as "source#subresource" in the resource caches.

destrum/include/destrum/Graphics/Renderer.h

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include <glm/vec3.hpp>
 
 #include <destrum/Graphics/Camera.h>
+#include <destrum/Graphics/IndirectDrawList.h>
 #include <destrum/Graphics/Light.h>
 #include <destrum/Graphics/Pipelines/LightCullingPipeline.h>
 #include <destrum/Graphics/Pipelines/LineRenderingPass.h>
@@ -29,6 +30,15 @@
 class GameRenderer
 {
 public:
+    struct DrawStats
+    {
+        std::uint32_t meshDraws{0};
+        std::uint32_t indirectCommands{0};
+        std::uint32_t instances{0};
+        std::uint32_t mainViewCommands{0};
+        std::uint32_t mainViewInstances{0};
+    };
+
     struct SceneData
     {
         const Camera& camera;
@@ -65,7 +75,6 @@ public:
 
     void setSkyboxTexture(ImageID skyboxImageId);
 
-    void flushMaterialUpdates(GfxDevice& gfxDevice);
 
     [[nodiscard]] SkinningPipeline& getSkinningPipeline() const
     {
@@ -107,6 +116,8 @@ public:
         return resources;
     }
 
+    [[nodiscard]] const DrawStats& getDrawStats() const { return lastDrawStats; }
+
     void draw2D(
         VkCommandBuffer cmd,
         GfxDevice& gfxDevice,
@@ -119,11 +130,15 @@ private:
 
     RenderResources* resources = nullptr;
 
+    void recordMaterialUpdates(VkCommandBuffer cmd);
+
     std::vector<MaterialID> pendingMaterialUploads;
 
 
     std::vector<MeshDrawCommand> meshDrawCommands;
     std::vector<std::size_t> sortedMeshDrawCommands;
+    IndirectDrawList drawList;
+    DrawStats lastDrawStats;
 
     VkFormat drawImageFormat{VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT};
     VkFormat depthImageFormat{VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT};

destrum/include/destrum/Graphics/Resources/Mesh.h

@@ -20,10 +20,11 @@
 
 struct GPUMesh {
     GPUBuffer vertexBuffer;
-    GPUBuffer indexBuffer;
 
     std::uint32_t numVertices{0};
     std::uint32_t numIndices{0};
+    // offset into MeshCache::getIndexBuffer(), every mesh shares that one index buffer
+    std::uint32_t firstIndex{0};
 
     // AABB
     glm::vec3 minPos;

destrum/include/destrum/Graphics/Swapchain.h

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 
 #include <VkBootstrap.h>
 
-static constexpr int FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT = 2;
+#include <destrum/Graphics/FrameConfig.h>
 
 class Swapchain {
 public:

destrum/include/destrum/Graphics/Util.h

@@ -83,6 +83,18 @@ namespace vkutil {
         VkDeviceSize offset = 0,
         VkDeviceSize size = VK_WHOLE_SIZE);
 
+    void bufferShaderReadToTransferWriteBarrier(
+        VkCommandBuffer cmd,
+        VkBuffer buffer,
+        VkDeviceSize offset = 0,
+        VkDeviceSize size = VK_WHOLE_SIZE);
+
+    void bufferHostAndTransferWriteToShaderReadBarrier(
+        VkCommandBuffer cmd,
+        VkBuffer buffer,
+        VkDeviceSize offset = 0,
+        VkDeviceSize size = VK_WHOLE_SIZE);
+
     void bufferHostWriteToTransferReadBarrier(
         VkCommandBuffer cmd,
         VkBuffer buffer,

destrum/include/destrum/Physics/PhysicsSceneBridge.h

@@ -4,19 +4,9 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include <destrum/Physics/PhysicsWorld.h>
-#include <destrum/Physics/SimplePhysicsWorld.h>
 
 class GameObject;
 
-// Small helper you can store inside Scene.
-//
-// Example:
-// class Scene {
-// public:
-//     PhysicsSceneBridge& GetPhysics() { return m_Physics; }
-// private:
-//     PhysicsSceneBridge m_Physics{std::make_unique<SimplePhysicsWorld>()};
-// };
 class PhysicsSceneBridge final {
 public:
     explicit PhysicsSceneBridge(std::unique_ptr<PhysicsWorld> world);

destrum/include/destrum/Physics/SimplePhysicsWorld.h

@@ -1,89 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <vector>
-#include <optional>
-
-#include <destrum/Physics/PhysicsWorld.h>
-
-class Rigidbody;
-
-// Simple CPU placeholder backend.
-//
-// This is NOT a replacement for Jolt/PhysX/Bullet.
-// It exists so your component/scene/render sync can be implemented and tested
-// before the real backend is added.
-//
-// It supports:
-// - static, dynamic, kinematic bodies
-// - gravity
-// - force/impulse integration
-// - very simple sphere/box/capsule raycasts using bounding spheres
-//
-// It does NOT support:
-// - collision response
-// - contacts
-// - friction
-// - constraints
-// - real character controllers
-class SimplePhysicsWorld final : public PhysicsWorld {
-public:
-    explicit SimplePhysicsWorld(const glm::vec3& gravity = glm::vec3{0.0f, -9.81f, 0.0f});
-
-    void Step(float fixedDt) override;
-
-    PhysicsBodyHandle CreateBody(const PhysicsBodyDesc& desc) override;
-    void DestroyBody(PhysicsBodyHandle body) override;
-
-    void SetBodyTransform(PhysicsBodyHandle body, const PhysicsTransform& transform) override;
-    PhysicsTransform GetBodyTransform(PhysicsBodyHandle body) const override;
-
-    void SetLinearVelocity(PhysicsBodyHandle body, const glm::vec3& velocity) override;
-    glm::vec3 GetLinearVelocity(PhysicsBodyHandle body) const override;
-
-    void AddForce(PhysicsBodyHandle body, const glm::vec3& force) override;
-    void AddImpulse(PhysicsBodyHandle body, const glm::vec3& impulse) override;
-
-    bool Raycast(const glm::vec3& origin,
-                 const glm::vec3& direction,
-                 float maxDistance,
-                 PhysicsRaycastHit& hit,
-                 PhysicsBodyHandle ignoreBody = {}) const override;
-
-    void SyncKinematicBodiesToPhysics(float fixedDt) override;
-    void SyncDynamicBodiesToTransforms();
-
-    [[nodiscard]] const glm::vec3& GetGravity() const { return m_Gravity; }
-    void SetGravity(const glm::vec3& gravity) { m_Gravity = gravity; }
-
-private:
-    struct BodyRecord {
-        bool alive{false};
-
-        PhysicsBodyHandle handle{};
-        PhysicsBodyDesc desc{};
-
-        PhysicsTransform previousTransform{};
-        PhysicsTransform currentTransform{};
-
-        glm::vec3 linearVelocity{0.0f};
-        glm::vec3 accumulatedForce{0.0f};
-
-        Rigidbody* rigidbody{nullptr};
-    };
-
-    [[nodiscard]] BodyRecord* FindBody(PhysicsBodyHandle body);
-    [[nodiscard]] const BodyRecord* FindBody(PhysicsBodyHandle body) const;
-
-    [[nodiscard]] float GetApproxBoundingRadius(const BodyRecord& body) const;
-    [[nodiscard]] static bool RaySphere(const glm::vec3& origin,
-                                        const glm::vec3& dirNormalized,
-                                        const glm::vec3& center,
-                                        float radius,
-                                        float maxDistance,
-                                        float& outDistance);
-
-    glm::vec3 m_Gravity{0.0f, -9.81f, 0.0f};
-
-    std::vector<BodyRecord> m_Bodies;
-    std::uint32_t m_NextId{0};
-};

destrum/src/App.cpp

@@ -208,6 +208,13 @@ if (!isRunning) break;
                 if (ImGui::Begin("Debug", &m_DebugWindows.stats))
                 {
                     ImGui::Text("FPS: %.2f", avgFPS);
+
+                    const auto& stats = renderer.getDrawStats();
+                    ImGui::SeparatorText("Meshes");
+                    ImGui::Text("Submitted meshes: %u", stats.meshDraws);
+                    ImGui::Text("Camera: %u indirect draws, %u instances", stats.mainViewCommands, stats.mainViewInstances);
+                    ImGui::Text("All views: %u indirect draws, %u instances", stats.indirectCommands, stats.instances);
+                    ImGui::Text("Pending GPU deletions: %zu", gfxDevice.getPendingDeletionCount());
                 }
                 ImGui::End();
             }
@@ -331,8 +338,6 @@ if (!isRunning) break;
             }
         }
     }
-
-    gfxDevice.waitIdle();
 }
 
 void App::cleanup()
@@ -355,6 +360,10 @@ void App::cleanup()
         }
     };
 
+    // The one place we wait for the GPU on shutdown: the cleanup calls below destroy
+    // pipelines and other objects directly, which is only valid once nothing is in flight.
+    attempt([this] { gfxDevice.waitIdle(); });
+
     if (customInitStarted) {
         attempt([this] { customCleanup(); });
     }

destrum/src/Components/MeshRendererComponent.cpp

@@ -47,7 +47,6 @@ void MeshRendererComponent::Destroy()
 {
     if (m_skinnedMesh && GameState::GetInstance().HasGfxDevice()) {
         auto& gfxDevice = GameState::GetInstance().Gfx();
-        gfxDevice.waitIdle();
         gfxDevice.destroyBuffer(m_skinnedMesh->skinnedVertexBuffer);
     }
     m_skinnedMesh.reset();

destrum/src/Graphics/Caches/ImageCache.cpp

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
-#include <../../include/destrum/Graphics/Caches/ImageCache.h>
+#include <destrum/Graphics/Caches/ImageCache.h>
 
 #include <destrum/Graphics/GfxDevice.h>
 
 #include "spdlog/spdlog.h"
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <limits>
 #include <stdexcept>
 
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ ImageID ImageCache::loadImageFromFile(
         if (infoInserted) {
             loadedImagesInfo.erase(id);
         }
-        gfxDevice.destroyImage(image);
+        gfxDevice.destroyImageNow(image);
         throw;
     }
 }
@@ -66,7 +67,7 @@ ImageID ImageCache::addImage(GPUImage image) {
     try {
         return addImage(getFreeImageId(), std::move(image));
     } catch (...) {
-        gfxDevice.destroyImage(image);
+        gfxDevice.destroyImageNow(image);
         throw;
     }
 }
@@ -82,6 +83,10 @@ ImageID ImageCache::addImage(ImageID id, GPUImage image) {
     try {
         image.setBindlessId(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(id));
 
+        if (const auto it = std::find(freeIds->begin(), freeIds->end(), id); it != freeIds->end()) {
+            freeIds->erase(it);
+        }
+
         if (id < images.size()) {
             gfxDevice.destroyImage(images[id]);
             images[id] = std::move(image);
@@ -97,17 +102,35 @@ ImageID ImageCache::addImage(ImageID id, GPUImage image) {
 
         return id;
     } catch (...) {
-        gfxDevice.destroyImage(image);
+        gfxDevice.destroyImageNow(image);
         throw;
     }
 }
 
+void ImageCache::removeImage(ImageID id) {
+    if (id >= images.size() || images[id].image == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    loadedImagesInfo.erase(id);
+    gfxDevice.destroyImage(images[id]);
+
+    // In-flight frames may still sample this bindless slot, so it only becomes
+    // reusable once they are done. freeIds is shared so the deleter can outlive the cache.
+    gfxDevice.deferDestroy([freeIds = freeIds, id] {
+        freeIds->push_back(id);
+    });
+}
+
 const GPUImage& ImageCache::getImage(ImageID id) const {
     assert(id != NULL_IMAGE_ID && id < images.size());
     return images.at(id);
 }
 
 ImageID ImageCache::getFreeImageId() const {
+    if (!freeIds->empty()) {
+        return freeIds->back();
+    }
     if (images.size() >= getMaxImageCount()) {
         throw std::out_of_range("ImageCache bindless capacity exhausted");
     }
@@ -122,5 +145,6 @@ void ImageCache::destroyImages() {
         gfxDevice.destroyImage(image);
     }
     images.clear();
+    freeIds->clear();
     loadedImagesInfo.clear();
 }

destrum/src/Graphics/Caches/MaterialCache.cpp

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <../../include/destrum/Graphics/Caches/MaterialCache.h>
+#include <destrum/Graphics/Caches/MaterialCache.h>
 
 #include <destrum/Graphics/GfxDevice.h>
 #include <destrum/Graphics/Util.h>
@@ -19,7 +19,8 @@ void MaterialCache::init(
 
         materialDataBuffer = gfxDevice.createBuffer(
             MAX_MATERIALS * sizeof(MaterialData),
-            VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_SHADER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_BIT,
+            VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_SHADER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_BIT |
+                VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT,
             VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_TO_GPU);
 
         vkutil::addDebugLabel(
@@ -51,12 +52,6 @@ void MaterialCache::cleanup(GfxDevice& gfxDevice)
 
 MaterialID MaterialCache::addMaterial(Material material)
 {
-    if (!materials.empty() && device != nullptr) {
-        // The material buffer is shared by all in-flight frames. A newly
-        // appended entry may be written while an older frame is reading it.
-        device->waitIdle();
-    }
-
     MaterialData* data = static_cast<MaterialData*>(materialDataBuffer.info.pMappedData);
 
     const auto id = getFreeMaterialId();
@@ -67,17 +62,14 @@ MaterialID MaterialCache::addMaterial(Material material)
         throw std::runtime_error("MaterialCache material buffer is not mapped");
     }
 
+    // Safe without waiting: no frame in flight can reference an id that didn't exist yet.
+    // Changing an existing material goes through GameRenderer::updateMaterialGPU.
     data[id] = toMaterialData(material);
     device->getMemoryManager().flushAllocation(
         materialDataBuffer,
         static_cast<VkDeviceSize>(id) * sizeof(MaterialData),
         sizeof(MaterialData));
 
-    // The caller may update multiple materials in one frame; the range flush is
-    // cheap for coherent allocations and required for non-coherent memory.
-    // The cache does not own a device reference, so the renderer flushes the
-    // exact range after batching updates.
-
     const auto materialId = static_cast<MaterialID>(materials.size());
     std::string key;
     if (!material.assetReference.empty()) {
@@ -210,17 +202,8 @@ Material& MaterialCache::getMaterialMutable(MaterialID id)
     return materials.at(id);
 }
 
-void MaterialCache::updateMaterialGPU(MaterialID id)
+MaterialData MaterialCache::getMaterialData(MaterialID id) const
 {
     assert(id < materials.size());
-    assert(materialDataBuffer.info.pMappedData && "materialDataBuffer must be mapped");
-
-    MaterialData* data =
-        reinterpret_cast<MaterialData*>(materialDataBuffer.info.pMappedData);
-
-    data[id] = toMaterialData(materials[id]);
-    device->getMemoryManager().flushAllocation(
-        materialDataBuffer,
-        static_cast<VkDeviceSize>(id) * sizeof(MaterialData),
-        sizeof(MaterialData));
+    return toMaterialData(materials[id]);
 }

destrum/src/Graphics/DeletionQueue.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+#include <destrum/Graphics/DeletionQueue.h>
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <exception>
+
+#include <spdlog/spdlog.h>
+
+void DeletionQueue::push(std::uint64_t retiredInFrame, std::function<void()>&& deleter)
+{
+    // entries stay sorted by frame, flush only has to look at the front
+    assert(entries.empty() || entries.back().frame <= retiredInFrame);
+    entries.push_back(Entry{retiredInFrame, std::move(deleter)});
+}
+
+void DeletionQueue::flush(std::uint64_t lastCompletedFrame)
+{
+    while (!entries.empty() && entries.front().frame <= lastCompletedFrame) {
+        auto deleter = std::move(entries.front().deleter);
+        entries.pop_front();
+        try {
+            deleter();
+        } catch (const std::exception& e) {
+            spdlog::error("DeletionQueue: deleter threw: {}", e.what());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void DeletionQueue::flushAll()
+{
+    while (!entries.empty()) {
+        auto deleter = std::move(entries.front().deleter);
+        entries.pop_front();
+        try {
+            deleter();
+        } catch (const std::exception& e) {
+            spdlog::error("DeletionQueue: deleter threw: {}", e.what());
+        }
+    }
+}

destrum/src/Graphics/GfxDevice.cpp

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 #include <SDL2/SDL.h>
 #include <SDL2/SDL_vulkan.h>
+#include <memory>
 #include <stdexcept>
 
 #include <destrum/Graphics/Init.h>
@@ -83,6 +84,7 @@ void GfxDevice::cleanup() {
     if (instanceManager.getDevice() != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
         vkDeviceWaitIdle(instanceManager.getDevice());
     }
+    deletionQueue.flushAll();
 
     swapchain.cleanup(instanceManager.getDevice());
     frameManager.cleanup(instanceManager.getDevice());
@@ -103,7 +105,6 @@ bool GfxDevice::recreateSwapchain(int width, int height) {
     if (width <= 0 || height <= 0) {
         throw std::invalid_argument("GfxDevice::recreateSwapchain requires a non-zero extent");
     }
-    waitIdle();
 
     const bool recreated = swapchain.recreateSwapchain(
         instanceManager.getDevice(),
@@ -129,6 +130,16 @@ VkCommandBuffer GfxDevice::beginFrame()
         swapchain.beginFrame(instanceManager.getDevice(), frameIndex);
     }
 
+    {
+        ZoneScopedN("Flush Deletion Queue");
+        // The fence we just waited on belongs to frame N - FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT, and the
+        // queue executes submits in order, so everything retired up to that frame is free.
+        const auto frameNumber = frameManager.getFrameNumber();
+        if (frameNumber >= FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT) {
+            deletionQueue.flush(frameNumber - FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
+        }
+    }
+
     const auto acquire = swapchain.acquireNextImage(instanceManager.getDevice(), frameIndex);
     if (!acquire.hasImage()) {
         return VK_NULL_HANDLE;
@@ -240,8 +251,39 @@ void GfxDevice::endFrame(VkCommandBuffer cmd, const GPUImage& drawImage, const E
     FrameMark;
 }
 
+void GfxDevice::deferDestroy(std::function<void()>&& deleter) {
+    if (!initialized) {
+        deleter();
+        return;
+    }
+    // Tagged with the frame being recorded (or the next one, between frames); any
+    // frame up to and including it may still reference the resource.
+    deletionQueue.push(frameManager.getFrameNumber(), std::move(deleter));
+}
+
+void GfxDevice::destroyBuffer(GPUBuffer& buffer) {
+    if (buffer.buffer == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+        buffer = {};
+        return;
+    }
+    deferDestroy([this, retired = buffer]() mutable {
+        memoryManager.destroyBuffer(retired);
+    });
+    buffer = {};
+}
+
+void GfxDevice::destroyImage(GPUImage& image) {
+    if (image.image == VK_NULL_HANDLE && image.imageView == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+        return;
+    }
+    auto retired = std::make_shared<GPUImage>(std::move(image));
+    deferDestroy([this, retired] {
+        imageManager.destroyImage(*retired);
+    });
+}
+
 void GfxDevice::waitIdle() {
-    frameManager.waitIdle();
+    instanceManager.waitIdle();
 }
 
 void GfxDevice::immediateSubmit(ImmediateExecuteFunction&& f) const {

destrum/src/Graphics/IndirectDrawList.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+#include <destrum/Graphics/IndirectDrawList.h>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstring>
+
+#include <volk.h>
+
+#include <tracy/Tracy.hpp>
+
+#include <destrum/Graphics/GfxDevice.h>
+#include <destrum/Graphics/Resources/Mesh.h>
+#include <destrum/Graphics/Util.h>
+
+namespace {
+    std::size_t grownCapacity(std::size_t current, std::size_t initial, std::size_t required)
+    {
+        std::size_t capacity = std::max(current, initial);
+        while (capacity < required) {
+            capacity *= 2;
+        }
+        return capacity;
+    }
+}
+
+void IndirectDrawList::cleanup(GfxDevice& gfxDevice)
+{
+    for (auto& frame : frames) {
+        gfxDevice.destroyBuffer(frame.instances);
+        gfxDevice.destroyBuffer(frame.commands);
+        frame.instanceCapacity = 0;
+        frame.commandCapacity = 0;
+    }
+    instances.clear();
+    commands.clear();
+}
+
+void IndirectDrawList::begin(std::uint32_t frameIndex)
+{
+    assert(frameIndex < FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
+    currentFrame = frameIndex;
+    instances.clear();
+    commands.clear();
+}
+
+IndirectDrawList::View IndirectDrawList::addView(
+    const std::vector<GPUMesh>& meshes,
+    const std::vector<MeshDrawCommand>& drawCommands,
+    const std::vector<std::size_t>& sortedDrawCommands,
+    const Frustum& frustum,
+    Filter filter)
+{
+    ZoneScopedN("IndirectDrawList::addView");
+
+    View view{
+        .firstCommand = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(commands.size()),
+    };
+    MeshID batchMesh = NULL_MESH_ID;
+
+    const auto addDraw = [&](const MeshDrawCommand& dc)
+    {
+        if (filter == Filter::ShadowCasters && !dc.castShadow) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (!edge::isInFrustum(frustum, dc.worldBoundingSphere)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        assert(dc.meshId < meshes.size());
+        assert(dc.materialId != NULL_MATERIAL_ID);
+        const GPUMesh& mesh = meshes[dc.meshId];
+
+        // Draws arrive sorted by mesh, so every run of the same mesh becomes one
+        // instanced command. Each instance carries its own transform, material and
+        // vertex buffer (skinned meshes point at their own skinned copy).
+        if (dc.meshId != batchMesh) {
+            batchMesh = dc.meshId;
+            commands.push_back(VkDrawIndexedIndirectCommand{
+                .indexCount = mesh.numIndices,
+                .instanceCount = 0,
+                .firstIndex = mesh.firstIndex,
+                .vertexOffset = 0,
+                .firstInstance = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(instances.size()),
+            });
+            ++view.commandCount;
+        }
+
+        instances.push_back(GPUInstanceData{
+            .transform = dc.transformMatrix,
+            .vertexBuffer = dc.skinnedMesh != nullptr
+                                ? dc.skinnedMesh->skinnedVertexBuffer.address
+                                : mesh.vertexBuffer.address,
+            .materialId = dc.materialId,
+            .padding = 0,
+        });
+        ++commands.back().instanceCount;
+        ++view.instanceCount;
+    };
+
+    if (!sortedDrawCommands.empty()) {
+        for (std::size_t drawIndex : sortedDrawCommands) {
+            assert(drawIndex < drawCommands.size());
+            addDraw(drawCommands[drawIndex]);
+        }
+    } else {
+        for (const MeshDrawCommand& dc : drawCommands) {
+            addDraw(dc);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return view;
+}
+
+void IndirectDrawList::upload(GfxDevice& gfxDevice)
+{
+    ZoneScopedN("IndirectDrawList::upload");
+
+    PerFrameBuffers& frame = frames[currentFrame];
+
+    // Growing is cheap thanks to the deletion queue: the old buffer may still be
+    // read by this slot's previous frame, so it is retired instead of destroyed.
+    if (instances.size() > frame.instanceCapacity || frame.instances.buffer == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+        gfxDevice.destroyBuffer(frame.instances);
+        frame.instanceCapacity = grownCapacity(frame.instanceCapacity, InitialInstanceCapacity, instances.size());
+        frame.instances = gfxDevice.createBuffer(
+            frame.instanceCapacity * sizeof(GPUInstanceData),
+            VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_SHADER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_BIT,
+            VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_TO_GPU);
+        vkutil::addDebugLabel(gfxDevice.getDevice(), frame.instances.buffer, "mesh instances");
+    }
+
+    if (commands.size() > frame.commandCapacity || frame.commands.buffer == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+        gfxDevice.destroyBuffer(frame.commands);
+        frame.commandCapacity = grownCapacity(frame.commandCapacity, InitialCommandCapacity, commands.size());
+        frame.commands = gfxDevice.createBuffer(
+            frame.commandCapacity * sizeof(VkDrawIndexedIndirectCommand),
+            VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDIRECT_BUFFER_BIT,
+            VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_TO_GPU);
+        vkutil::addDebugLabel(gfxDevice.getDevice(), frame.commands.buffer, "mesh indirect commands");
+    }
+
+    // Each frame in flight has its own buffers, so nothing on the GPU is reading
+    // these while we write. vkQueueSubmit makes the host writes visible to the GPU.
+    if (!instances.empty()) {
+        std::memcpy(frame.instances.info.pMappedData, instances.data(), instances.size() * sizeof(GPUInstanceData));
+        gfxDevice.getMemoryManager().flushAllocation(frame.instances, 0, instances.size() * sizeof(GPUInstanceData));
+    }
+    if (!commands.empty()) {
+        std::memcpy(frame.commands.info.pMappedData, commands.data(), commands.size() * sizeof(VkDrawIndexedIndirectCommand));
+        gfxDevice.getMemoryManager().flushAllocation(frame.commands, 0, commands.size() * sizeof(VkDrawIndexedIndirectCommand));
+    }
+}
+
+void IndirectDrawList::draw(VkCommandBuffer cmd, const GPUBuffer& indexBuffer, const View& view) const
+{
+    if (view.commandCount == 0) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    const PerFrameBuffers& frame = frames[currentFrame];
+    assert(frame.commands.buffer != VK_NULL_HANDLE && "IndirectDrawList::upload must run before draw");
+
+    vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(cmd, indexBuffer.buffer, 0, VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT32);
+    vkCmdDrawIndexedIndirect(
+        cmd,
+        frame.commands.buffer,
+        static_cast<VkDeviceSize>(view.firstCommand) * sizeof(VkDrawIndexedIndirectCommand),
+        view.commandCount,
+        sizeof(VkDrawIndexedIndirectCommand));
+}
+
+VkDeviceAddress IndirectDrawList::getInstanceBufferAddress() const
+{
+    return frames[currentFrame].instances.address;
+}

destrum/src/Graphics/Managers/FrameManager.cpp

@@ -83,9 +83,3 @@ void FrameManager::nextFrame() {
     frameNumber++;
     FrameMark;
 }
-
-void FrameManager::waitIdle() const {
-    if (device != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
-        VK_CHECK(vkDeviceWaitIdle(device));
-    }
-}

destrum/src/Graphics/MeshCache.cpp

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <../../include/destrum/Graphics/Caches/MeshCache.h>
+#include <destrum/Graphics/Caches/MeshCache.h>
 
 #include <destrum/Graphics/Resources/Mesh.h>
 #include <destrum/Graphics/GfxDevice.h>
@@ -49,15 +49,73 @@ MeshID MeshCache::addMesh(GfxDevice& gfxDevice, const CPUMesh& cpuMesh)
     return id;
 }
 
-void MeshCache::uploadMesh(GfxDevice& gfxDevice, const CPUMesh& cpuMesh, GPUMesh& gpuMesh) const
+void MeshCache::ensureIndexCapacity(GfxDevice& gfxDevice, std::uint32_t requiredIndices)
+{
+    if (requiredIndices <= indexCapacity) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    std::uint32_t newCapacity = std::max(indexCapacity, InitialIndexCapacity);
+    while (newCapacity < requiredIndices) {
+        newCapacity *= 2;
+    }
+
+    GPUBuffer newBuffer = gfxDevice.createBuffer(
+        static_cast<std::size_t>(newCapacity) * sizeof(std::uint32_t),
+        VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT,
+        VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO_PREFER_DEVICE);
+    vkutil::addDebugLabel(gfxDevice.getDevice(), newBuffer.buffer, "mesh indices");
+
+    if (indexCount > 0) {
+        try {
+            gfxDevice.immediateSubmit([&](VkCommandBuffer cmd) {
+                const VkBufferMemoryBarrier2 previousCopies{
+                    .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_MEMORY_BARRIER_2,
+                    .srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COPY_BIT,
+                    .srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_2_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT,
+                    .dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COPY_BIT,
+                    .dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_2_TRANSFER_READ_BIT,
+                    .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
+                    .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
+                    .buffer = indexBuffer.buffer,
+                    .offset = 0,
+                    .size = VK_WHOLE_SIZE,
+                };
+                const VkDependencyInfo dependency{
+                    .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEPENDENCY_INFO,
+                    .bufferMemoryBarrierCount = 1,
+                    .pBufferMemoryBarriers = &previousCopies,
+                };
+                vkCmdPipelineBarrier2(cmd, &dependency);
+
+                const VkBufferCopy copy{
+                    .srcOffset = 0,
+                    .dstOffset = 0,
+                    .size = static_cast<VkDeviceSize>(indexCount) * sizeof(std::uint32_t),
+                };
+                vkCmdCopyBuffer(cmd, indexBuffer.buffer, newBuffer.buffer, 1, &copy);
+            });
+        } catch (...) {
+            gfxDevice.destroyBufferNow(newBuffer);
+            throw;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // frames in flight were recorded with the old buffer, the deletion queue keeps it alive for them
+    gfxDevice.destroyBuffer(indexBuffer);
+    indexBuffer = newBuffer;
+    indexCapacity = newCapacity;
+}
+
+void MeshCache::uploadMesh(GfxDevice& gfxDevice, const CPUMesh& cpuMesh, GPUMesh& gpuMesh)
 {
     try {
-    // create index buffer
+    const auto numIndices = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(cpuMesh.indices.size());
+    ensureIndexCapacity(gfxDevice, indexCount + numIndices);
+    gpuMesh.firstIndex = indexCount;
+
     const auto indexBufferSize = cpuMesh.indices.size() * sizeof(std::uint32_t);
-    gpuMesh.indexBuffer = gfxDevice.createBuffer(
-        indexBufferSize,
-        VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT,
-        VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_AUTO_PREFER_DEVICE);
+    const auto indexBufferOffset = static_cast<VkDeviceSize>(gpuMesh.firstIndex) * sizeof(std::uint32_t);
 
     // create vertex buffer
     const auto vertexBufferSize = cpuMesh.vertices.size() * sizeof(CPUMesh::Vertex);
@@ -81,6 +139,8 @@ void MeshCache::uploadMesh(GfxDevice& gfxDevice, const CPUMesh& cpuMesh, GPUMesh
         memcpy(static_cast<char*>(vertexIndexData) + vertexBufferSize, cpuMesh.indices.data(), indexBufferSize);
         gfxDevice.getMemoryManager().flushAllocation(vertexIndexStaging);
 
+        // Writing into the shared index buffer is safe while frames are in flight:
+        // this range is new, they only read the ranges of meshes added before it.
         gfxDevice.immediateSubmit([&](VkCommandBuffer cmd) {
         vkutil::bufferHostWriteToTransferReadBarrier(
             cmd,
@@ -97,17 +157,17 @@ void MeshCache::uploadMesh(GfxDevice& gfxDevice, const CPUMesh& cpuMesh, GPUMesh
 
         const auto indexCopy = VkBufferCopy{
             .srcOffset = vertexBufferSize,
-            .dstOffset = 0,
+            .dstOffset = indexBufferOffset,
             .size = indexBufferSize,
         };
-        vkCmdCopyBuffer(cmd, vertexIndexStaging.buffer, gpuMesh.indexBuffer.buffer, 1, &indexCopy);
+        vkCmdCopyBuffer(cmd, vertexIndexStaging.buffer, indexBuffer.buffer, 1, &indexCopy);
 
         const std::array<VkBufferMemoryBarrier2, 2> destinationBarriers{{
             {
                 .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_MEMORY_BARRIER_2,
                 .srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COPY_BIT,
                 .srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_2_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT,
-                .dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_VERTEX_SHADER_BIT,
+                .dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_VERTEX_SHADER_BIT | VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COMPUTE_SHADER_BIT,
                 .dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_STORAGE_READ_BIT,
                 .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
                 .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
@@ -119,13 +179,13 @@ void MeshCache::uploadMesh(GfxDevice& gfxDevice, const CPUMesh& cpuMesh, GPUMesh
                 .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_MEMORY_BARRIER_2,
                 .srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COPY_BIT,
                 .srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_2_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT,
-                .dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_VERTEX_INPUT_BIT,
-                .dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_2_INDEX_READ_BIT,
+                .dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_INDEX_INPUT_BIT | VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COPY_BIT,
+                .dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_2_INDEX_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_2_TRANSFER_READ_BIT,
                 .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
                 .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
-                .buffer = gpuMesh.indexBuffer.buffer,
-                .offset = 0,
-                .size = VK_WHOLE_SIZE,
+                .buffer = indexBuffer.buffer,
+                .offset = indexBufferOffset,
+                .size = indexBufferSize,
             }
         }};
         const VkDependencyInfo destinationDependency{
@@ -136,16 +196,15 @@ void MeshCache::uploadMesh(GfxDevice& gfxDevice, const CPUMesh& cpuMesh, GPUMesh
         vkCmdPipelineBarrier2(cmd, &destinationDependency);
         });
     } catch (...) {
-        gfxDevice.destroyBuffer(vertexIndexStaging);
+        gfxDevice.destroyBufferNow(vertexIndexStaging);
         throw;
     }
 
-    gfxDevice.destroyBuffer(vertexIndexStaging);
+    gfxDevice.destroyBufferNow(vertexIndexStaging);
+    indexCount += numIndices;
 
     const auto vtxBufferName = cpuMesh.name + " (vtx)";
-    const auto idxBufferName = cpuMesh.name + " (idx)";
     vkutil::addDebugLabel(gfxDevice.getDevice(), gpuMesh.vertexBuffer.buffer, vtxBufferName.c_str());
-    vkutil::addDebugLabel(gfxDevice.getDevice(), gpuMesh.indexBuffer.buffer, idxBufferName.c_str());
 
     if (gpuMesh.hasSkeleton) {
         // create skinning data buffer
@@ -205,16 +264,15 @@ void MeshCache::uploadMesh(GfxDevice& gfxDevice, const CPUMesh& cpuMesh, GPUMesh
             vkCmdPipelineBarrier2(cmd, &destinationDependency);
             });
         } catch (...) {
-            gfxDevice.destroyBuffer(skinningStaging);
+            gfxDevice.destroyBufferNow(skinningStaging);
             throw;
         }
 
-        gfxDevice.destroyBuffer(skinningStaging);
+        gfxDevice.destroyBufferNow(skinningStaging);
         }
     } catch (...) {
-        gfxDevice.destroyBuffer(gpuMesh.skinningDataBuffer);
-        gfxDevice.destroyBuffer(gpuMesh.vertexBuffer);
-        gfxDevice.destroyBuffer(gpuMesh.indexBuffer);
+        gfxDevice.destroyBufferNow(gpuMesh.skinningDataBuffer);
+        gfxDevice.destroyBufferNow(gpuMesh.vertexBuffer);
         gpuMesh = {};
         throw;
     }
@@ -246,8 +304,11 @@ std::optional<MeshID> MeshCache::findMeshByKey(std::string_view key) const
 
 void MeshCache::cleanup(GfxDevice& gfxDevice)
 {
+    gfxDevice.destroyBuffer(indexBuffer);
+    indexCount = 0;
+    indexCapacity = 0;
+
     for (auto& mesh : meshes) {
-        gfxDevice.destroyBuffer(mesh.indexBuffer);
         gfxDevice.destroyBuffer(mesh.vertexBuffer);
         gfxDevice.destroyBuffer(mesh.skinningDataBuffer);
     }

destrum/src/Graphics/Pipelines/ImguiPass.cpp

@@ -242,10 +242,6 @@ void ImguiPass::cleanup() {
         return;
     }
 
-    if (gfx != nullptr && gfx->getVkDevice() != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
-        vkDeviceWaitIdle(gfx->getVkDevice());
-    }
-
     if (vulkanInitialized) {
         releaseAllTextures();
         ImGui_ImplVulkan_Shutdown();

destrum/src/Graphics/Pipelines/LightCullingPipeline.cpp

@@ -100,8 +100,6 @@ void LightCullingPipeline::cleanup(GfxDevice& gfxDevice)
 
 void LightCullingPipeline::resize(GfxDevice& gfxDevice, glm::ivec2 drawImageSize)
 {
-    gfxDevice.waitIdle();
-
     gfxDevice.destroyBuffer(tileLightIndicesBuffer);
     tileLightIndicesBuffer = {};
     createTileBuffer(gfxDevice, drawImageSize);

destrum/src/Graphics/Pipelines/LineRenderingPass.cpp

@@ -221,7 +221,6 @@ void LineRenderingPass::ensureVertexCapacity(
         newCapacity *= 2;
     }
 
-    gfxDevice.waitIdle();
     vertexBuffer.cleanup(gfxDevice);
     vertexBuffer.init(
         gfxDevice,

destrum/src/Graphics/Pipelines/MeshPipeline.cpp

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@
 #include <destrum/Graphics/GfxDevice.h>
 #include <destrum/Graphics/RenderResources.h>
 #include <destrum/Graphics/Caches/MeshCache.h>
-#include <destrum/Graphics/Frustum.h>
 #include <destrum/Graphics/Util.h>
 
 #include "volk.h"
@@ -119,10 +118,9 @@ void MeshPipeline::drawDepthPrepass(
     VkCommandBuffer cmd,
     VkExtent2D renderExtent,
     const RenderResources& resources,
-    const Camera& camera,
     const GPUBuffer& sceneDataBuffer,
-    const std::vector<MeshDrawCommand>& drawCommands,
-    const std::vector<std::size_t>& sortedDrawCommands)
+    const IndirectDrawList& drawList,
+    const IndirectDrawList::View& view)
 {
     if (!m_depthPrepassPipeline)
     {
@@ -134,20 +132,18 @@ void MeshPipeline::drawDepthPrepass(
         *m_depthPrepassPipeline,
         renderExtent,
         resources,
-        camera,
         sceneDataBuffer,
-        drawCommands,
-        sortedDrawCommands);
+        drawList,
+        view);
 }
 
 void MeshPipeline::draw(
     VkCommandBuffer cmd,
     VkExtent2D renderExtent,
     const RenderResources& resources,
-    const Camera& camera,
     const GPUBuffer& sceneDataBuffer,
-    const std::vector<MeshDrawCommand>& drawCommands,
-    const std::vector<std::size_t>& sortedDrawCommands)
+    const IndirectDrawList& drawList,
+    const IndirectDrawList::View& view)
 {
     if (!m_pipeline)
     {
@@ -159,10 +155,9 @@ void MeshPipeline::draw(
         *m_pipeline,
         renderExtent,
         resources,
-        camera,
         sceneDataBuffer,
-        drawCommands,
-        sortedDrawCommands);
+        drawList,
+        view);
 }
 
 void MeshPipeline::drawMeshes(
@@ -170,13 +165,10 @@ void MeshPipeline::drawMeshes(
     const Pipeline& pipeline,
     VkExtent2D renderExtent,
     const RenderResources& resources,
-    const Camera& camera,
     const GPUBuffer& sceneDataBuffer,
-    const std::vector<MeshDrawCommand>& drawCommands,
-    const std::vector<std::size_t>& sortedDrawCommands)
+    const IndirectDrawList& drawList,
+    const IndirectDrawList::View& view)
 {
-    const MeshCache& meshCache = resources.meshes();
-
     pipeline.bind(cmd);
 
     resources.bindBindlessDescSet(cmd, m_pipelineLayout);
@@ -204,86 +196,32 @@ void MeshPipeline::drawMeshes(
         m_renderWireframe ? VK_POLYGON_MODE_LINE : VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL
     );
 
-    MeshID prevMeshId = NULL_MESH_ID;
-    int actualDrawCalls = 0;
-
-    const auto frustum = edge::createFrustumFromCamera(camera);
-
-    const auto drawOne = [&](const MeshDrawCommand& dc)
-    {
-        if (!edge::isInFrustum(frustum, dc.worldBoundingSphere))
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        ++actualDrawCalls;
-
-        const auto& mesh = meshCache.getMesh(dc.meshId);
-
-        const std::string& meshKey = meshCache.getMeshKey(dc.meshId);
-        vkutil::cmdBeginLabelFormatted(
-            cmd,
-            vkutil::labelColors::draw,
-            "%s [mesh %zu, material %u%s]",
-            meshKey.empty() ? "Mesh" : meshKey.c_str(),
-            dc.meshId,
-            dc.materialId,
-            dc.skinnedMesh != nullptr ? ", skinned" : "");
-
-        if (dc.meshId != prevMeshId)
-        {
-            prevMeshId = dc.meshId;
-
-            vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(
-                cmd,
-                mesh.indexBuffer.buffer,
-                0,
-                VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT32
-            );
-        }
-
-        assert(dc.materialId != NULL_MATERIAL_ID);
-
-        const auto pushConstants = PushConstants{
-            .transform = dc.transformMatrix,
-            .sceneDataBuffer = sceneDataBuffer.address,
-            .vertexBuffer =
-            dc.skinnedMesh != nullptr
-                ? dc.skinnedMesh->skinnedVertexBuffer.address
-                : mesh.vertexBuffer.address,
-            .materialId = dc.materialId,
-            .padding = 0,
-        };
-
-        vkCmdPushConstants(
-            cmd,
-            m_pipelineLayout,
-            VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT | VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT,
-            0,
-            sizeof(PushConstants),
-            &pushConstants
-        );
-
-        vkCmdDrawIndexed(cmd, mesh.numIndices, 1, 0, 0, 0);
-
-        vkutil::cmdEndLabel(cmd);
+    // The same for every draw, per-draw data (transform, material, vertex buffer)
+    // lives in the instance buffer and is looked up with gl_InstanceIndex
+    const auto pushConstants = PushConstants{
+        .sceneDataBuffer = sceneDataBuffer.address,
+        .instanceBuffer = drawList.getInstanceBufferAddress(),
     };
 
-    if (!sortedDrawCommands.empty())
-    {
-        for (std::size_t drawIndex : sortedDrawCommands)
-        {
-            assert(drawIndex < drawCommands.size());
-            drawOne(drawCommands[drawIndex]);
-        }
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        for (const MeshDrawCommand& dc : drawCommands)
-        {
-            drawOne(dc);
-        }
-    }
+    vkCmdPushConstants(
+        cmd,
+        m_pipelineLayout,
+        VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT | VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT,
+        0,
+        sizeof(PushConstants),
+        &pushConstants
+    );
+
+    vkutil::cmdBeginLabelFormatted(
+        cmd,
+        vkutil::labelColors::draw,
+        "%u indirect draws, %u instances",
+        view.commandCount,
+        view.instanceCount);
+
+    drawList.draw(cmd, resources.meshes().getIndexBuffer(), view);
+
+    vkutil::cmdEndLabel(cmd);
 }
 
 void MeshPipeline::cleanup(VkDevice device)

destrum/src/Graphics/Pipelines/Renderer2DPass.cpp

@@ -210,7 +210,6 @@ void Renderer2DPass::ensureCapacity(GfxDevice& gfxDevice, std::size_t requiredSh
         newCapacity *= 2;
     }
 
-    gfxDevice.waitIdle();
     shapeBuffer.cleanup(gfxDevice);
     shapeBuffer.init(gfxDevice, ShapeBufferUsage, newCapacity * sizeof(Shape2D), "2d shapes");
     shapeCapacity = newCapacity;

destrum/src/Graphics/Pipelines/ShadowMapPipeline.cpp

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
 #include <destrum/Graphics/GfxDevice.h>
 #include <destrum/Graphics/RenderResources.h>
 #include <destrum/Graphics/Caches/MeshCache.h>
-#include <destrum/Graphics/Frustum.h>
 #include <destrum/Graphics/Util.h>
 
 #include "volk.h"
@@ -206,8 +205,8 @@ float ShadowMapPipeline::getNormalOffset() const
 void ShadowMapPipeline::drawDirectionalShadow(
     VkCommandBuffer cmd,
     const RenderResources& resources,
-    const std::vector<MeshDrawCommand>& drawCommands,
-    const std::vector<std::size_t>& sortedDrawCommands,
+    const IndirectDrawList& drawList,
+    const IndirectDrawList::View& view,
     const glm::mat4& lightViewProj)
 {
     if (!m_pipeline || shadowMapId == NULL_IMAGE_ID)
@@ -219,15 +218,15 @@ void ShadowMapPipeline::drawDirectionalShadow(
 
     beginDepthRendering(cmd, resources, shadowMap);
     setRenderRegion(cmd, VkRect2D{.offset = {}, .extent = shadowMap.getExtent2D()});
-    drawShadowCasters(cmd, resources, drawCommands, sortedDrawCommands, lightViewProj);
+    drawShadowCasters(cmd, resources, drawList, view, lightViewProj);
     endDepthRendering(cmd, shadowMap);
 }
 
 void ShadowMapPipeline::drawSpotShadows(
     VkCommandBuffer cmd,
     const RenderResources& resources,
-    const std::vector<MeshDrawCommand>& drawCommands,
-    const std::vector<std::size_t>& sortedDrawCommands,
+    const IndirectDrawList& drawList,
+    const std::vector<IndirectDrawList::View>& views,
     const std::vector<glm::mat4>& lightViewProjs)
 {
     if (!m_pipeline || spotShadowAtlasId == NULL_IMAGE_ID || lightViewProjs.empty())
@@ -236,6 +235,7 @@ void ShadowMapPipeline::drawSpotShadows(
     }
 
     assert(lightViewProjs.size() <= MAX_SPOT_SHADOWS);
+    assert(views.size() == lightViewProjs.size());
     const auto& spotShadowAtlas = resources.getImage(spotShadowAtlasId);
 
     beginDepthRendering(cmd, resources, spotShadowAtlas);
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ void ShadowMapPipeline::drawSpotShadows(
         vkutil::cmdBeginLabelFormatted(cmd, vkutil::labelColors::shadow, "Spot shadow %u", shadowIndex);
 
         setRenderRegion(cmd, spotShadowTileRegion(shadowIndex));
-        drawShadowCasters(cmd, resources, drawCommands, sortedDrawCommands, lightViewProjs[shadowIndex]);
+        drawShadowCasters(cmd, resources, drawList, views[shadowIndex], lightViewProjs[shadowIndex]);
 
         vkutil::cmdEndLabel(cmd);
     }
@@ -306,73 +306,31 @@ void ShadowMapPipeline::setRenderRegion(VkCommandBuffer cmd, const VkRect2D& reg
 void ShadowMapPipeline::drawShadowCasters(
     VkCommandBuffer cmd,
     const RenderResources& resources,
-    const std::vector<MeshDrawCommand>& drawCommands,
-    const std::vector<std::size_t>& sortedDrawCommands,
+    const IndirectDrawList& drawList,
+    const IndirectDrawList::View& view,
     const glm::mat4& lightViewProj)
 {
-    const MeshCache& meshCache = resources.meshes();
-    const Frustum lightFrustum = edge::createFrustumFromViewProj(lightViewProj);
-    MeshID previousMeshId = NULL_MESH_ID;
-
-    const auto drawCaster = [&](const MeshDrawCommand& dc)
-    {
-        if (!dc.castShadow || !edge::isInFrustum(lightFrustum, dc.worldBoundingSphere))
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        const auto& mesh = meshCache.getMesh(dc.meshId);
-
-        const std::string& meshKey = meshCache.getMeshKey(dc.meshId);
-        vkutil::cmdBeginLabelFormatted(
-            cmd,
-            vkutil::labelColors::draw,
-            "%s [mesh %zu, material %u%s]",
-            meshKey.empty() ? "Mesh" : meshKey.c_str(),
-            dc.meshId,
-            dc.materialId,
-            dc.skinnedMesh != nullptr ? ", skinned" : "");
-
-        if (dc.meshId != previousMeshId)
-        {
-            previousMeshId = dc.meshId;
-            vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(cmd, mesh.indexBuffer.buffer, 0, VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT32);
-        }
-
-        const auto pushConstants = PushConstants{
-            .modelToLightClip = lightViewProj * dc.transformMatrix,
-            .vertexBuffer =
-                dc.skinnedMesh != nullptr
-                    ? dc.skinnedMesh->skinnedVertexBuffer.address
-                    : mesh.vertexBuffer.address,
-        };
-
-        vkCmdPushConstants(
-            cmd,
-            m_pipelineLayout,
-            VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT,
-            0,
-            sizeof(PushConstants),
-            &pushConstants);
-
-        vkCmdDrawIndexed(cmd, mesh.numIndices, 1, 0, 0, 0);
-
-        vkutil::cmdEndLabel(cmd);
+    const auto pushConstants = PushConstants{
+        .lightViewProj = lightViewProj,
+        .instanceBuffer = drawList.getInstanceBufferAddress(),
     };
 
-    if (!sortedDrawCommands.empty())
-    {
-        for (std::size_t drawIndex : sortedDrawCommands)
-        {
-            assert(drawIndex < drawCommands.size());
-            drawCaster(drawCommands[drawIndex]);
-        }
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        for (const MeshDrawCommand& dc : drawCommands)
-        {
-            drawCaster(dc);
-        }
-    }
+    vkCmdPushConstants(
+        cmd,
+        m_pipelineLayout,
+        VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT,
+        0,
+        sizeof(PushConstants),
+        &pushConstants);
+
+    vkutil::cmdBeginLabelFormatted(
+        cmd,
+        vkutil::labelColors::draw,
+        "%u indirect draws, %u instances",
+        view.commandCount,
+        view.instanceCount);
+
+    drawList.draw(cmd, resources.meshes().getIndexBuffer(), view);
+
+    vkutil::cmdEndLabel(cmd);
 }

destrum/src/Graphics/RenderResources.cpp

@@ -204,6 +204,10 @@ ImageID RenderResources::addImageToCache(GPUImage image) {
     return imageCache->addImage(std::move(image));
 }
 
+void RenderResources::destroyImage(ImageID id) {
+    imageCache->removeImage(id);
+}
+
 void RenderResources::loadModelAsset(
     GfxDevice& gfxDevice,
     std::string_view sourceReference)
@@ -322,8 +326,6 @@ void RenderResources::cleanup(GfxDevice& gfxDevice)
         return;
     }
 
-    gfxDevice.waitIdle();
-
     if (materialCache) {
         materialCache->cleanup(gfxDevice);
     }

destrum/src/Graphics/Renderer.cpp

@@ -65,7 +65,6 @@ void GameRenderer::init(GfxDevice& gfxDevice, RenderResources& _resources, glm::
 
 void GameRenderer::beginDrawing(GfxDevice& gfxDevice)
 {
-    flushMaterialUpdates(gfxDevice);
     meshDrawCommands.clear();
     skinningPipeline->beginDrawing(gfxDevice.getCurrentFrameIndex());
     lightCullingPipeline->beginDrawing(gfxDevice.getCurrentFrameIndex());
@@ -80,22 +79,14 @@ void GameRenderer::endDrawing()
     sortedMeshDrawCommands.resize(meshDrawCommands.size());
     std::iota(sortedMeshDrawCommands.begin(), sortedMeshDrawCommands.end(), 0);
 
+    // Grouping by mesh lets IndirectDrawList merge each run into one instanced draw.
+    // Material and vertex buffer are per instance, so they don't break a batch.
     std::stable_sort(
         sortedMeshDrawCommands.begin(),
         sortedMeshDrawCommands.end(),
         [this](std::size_t left, std::size_t right)
         {
-            const auto& lhs = meshDrawCommands[left];
-            const auto& rhs = meshDrawCommands[right];
-            if (lhs.meshId != rhs.meshId)
-            {
-                return lhs.meshId < rhs.meshId;
-            }
-            if (lhs.materialId != rhs.materialId)
-            {
-                return lhs.materialId < rhs.materialId;
-            }
-            return (lhs.skinnedMesh != nullptr) < (rhs.skinnedMesh != nullptr);
+            return meshDrawCommands[left].meshId < meshDrawCommands[right].meshId;
         });
 }
 
@@ -148,6 +139,55 @@ void GameRenderer::draw(VkCommandBuffer cmd, GfxDevice& gfxDevice, const Camera&
         spotShadowViewProjs.push_back(spotShadow.lightViewProj);
     }
 
+    // Culling stays on the CPU: every view (camera, directional light, each spot light)
+    // gets its own range of indirect commands in this frame's draw list.
+    IndirectDrawList::View mainView;
+    IndirectDrawList::View directionalShadowView;
+    std::vector<IndirectDrawList::View> spotShadowViews;
+    {
+        ZoneScopedN("Build Indirect Draws");
+
+        const auto& meshes = resources->meshes().getMeshes();
+        drawList.begin(gfxDevice.getCurrentFrameIndex());
+
+        mainView = drawList.addView(
+            meshes,
+            meshDrawCommands,
+            sortedMeshDrawCommands,
+            edge::createFrustumFromCamera(camera),
+            IndirectDrawList::Filter::All);
+
+        if (shadowLightDirection)
+        {
+            directionalShadowView = drawList.addView(
+                meshes,
+                meshDrawCommands,
+                sortedMeshDrawCommands,
+                edge::createFrustumFromViewProj(lightViewProj),
+                IndirectDrawList::Filter::ShadowCasters);
+        }
+
+        spotShadowViews.reserve(spotShadowViewProjs.size());
+        for (const glm::mat4& spotViewProj : spotShadowViewProjs)
+        {
+            spotShadowViews.push_back(drawList.addView(
+                meshes,
+                meshDrawCommands,
+                sortedMeshDrawCommands,
+                edge::createFrustumFromViewProj(spotViewProj),
+                IndirectDrawList::Filter::ShadowCasters));
+        }
+
+        drawList.upload(gfxDevice);
+        lastDrawStats = DrawStats{
+            .meshDraws = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(meshDrawCommands.size()),
+            .indirectCommands = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(drawList.getCommands().size()),
+            .instances = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(drawList.getInstances().size()),
+            .mainViewCommands = mainView.commandCount,
+            .mainViewInstances = mainView.instanceCount,
+        };
+    }
+
     // TODO: there has to be a better way to do this
     const auto gpuSceneData = GPUSceneData{
         .view = sceneData.camera.GetViewMatrix(),
@@ -175,15 +215,10 @@ void GameRenderer::draw(VkCommandBuffer cmd, GfxDevice& gfxDevice, const Camera&
     };
 
     {
-        TracyVkZone(gfxDevice.getTracyVkCtx(), cmd, "Material Buffer Barrier");
-        vkutil::ScopedCmdLabel label(cmd, "Material Buffer Barrier", vkutil::labelColors::transfer);
+        TracyVkZone(gfxDevice.getTracyVkCtx(), cmd, "Material Updates");
+        vkutil::ScopedCmdLabel label(cmd, "Material Updates", vkutil::labelColors::transfer);
 
-        vkutil::bufferHostWriteToShaderReadBarrier(
-            cmd,
-            resources->materials().getMaterialDataBuffer().buffer,
-            0,
-            VK_WHOLE_SIZE
-        );
+        recordMaterialUpdates(cmd);
     }
 
     {
@@ -231,8 +266,8 @@ void GameRenderer::draw(VkCommandBuffer cmd, GfxDevice& gfxDevice, const Camera&
         shadowMapPipeline->drawDirectionalShadow(
             cmd,
             *resources,
-            meshDrawCommands,
-            sortedMeshDrawCommands,
+            drawList,
+            directionalShadowView,
             lightViewProj);
     }
 
@@ -244,8 +279,8 @@ void GameRenderer::draw(VkCommandBuffer cmd, GfxDevice& gfxDevice, const Camera&
         shadowMapPipeline->drawSpotShadows(
             cmd,
             *resources,
-            meshDrawCommands,
-            sortedMeshDrawCommands,
+            drawList,
+            spotShadowViews,
             spotShadowViewProjs);
     }
 
@@ -266,10 +301,9 @@ void GameRenderer::draw(VkCommandBuffer cmd, GfxDevice& gfxDevice, const Camera&
             cmd,
             drawImage.getExtent2D(),
             *resources,
-            camera,
             sceneDataBuffer.getBuffer(),
-            meshDrawCommands,
-            sortedMeshDrawCommands);
+            drawList,
+            mainView);
 
         vkCmdEndRendering(cmd);
     }
@@ -325,10 +359,9 @@ void GameRenderer::draw(VkCommandBuffer cmd, GfxDevice& gfxDevice, const Camera&
             cmd,
             drawImage.getExtent2D(),
             *resources,
-            camera,
             sceneDataBuffer.getBuffer(),
-            meshDrawCommands,
-            sortedMeshDrawCommands);
+            drawList,
+            mainView);
     }
 
     {
@@ -384,11 +417,6 @@ void GameRenderer::cleanup(GfxDevice& gfxDevice)
 {
     VkDevice device = gfxDevice.getDevice();
 
-    if (device != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
-    {
-        vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);
-    }
-
     if (skinningPipeline)
         skinningPipeline->cleanup(gfxDevice);
 
@@ -411,6 +439,7 @@ void GameRenderer::cleanup(GfxDevice& gfxDevice)
         meshPipeline->cleanup(device);
 
     sceneDataBuffer.cleanup(gfxDevice);
+    drawList.cleanup(gfxDevice);
 
     // if (drawImageId != NULL_IMAGE_ID)
     // gfxDevice.destroyImage();
@@ -541,25 +570,32 @@ void GameRenderer::setSkyboxTexture(ImageID skyboxImageId)
     skyboxPipeline->setSkyboxImage(skyboxImageId);
 }
 
-void GameRenderer::flushMaterialUpdates(GfxDevice& gfxDevice)
+void GameRenderer::recordMaterialUpdates(VkCommandBuffer cmd)
 {
+    const VkBuffer materialBuffer = resources->materials().getMaterialDataBuffer().buffer;
+
     if (!pendingMaterialUploads.empty())
     {
-        // Material data is currently shared by all frame contexts. Wait before
-        // mutating it so an older in-flight frame cannot read the overwritten
-        // range. This can later be replaced with per-frame material buffers.
-        gfxDevice.waitIdle();
+        // Updates go through the command buffer instead of the mapped pointer: the
+        // copy then lands after earlier frames finished reading the old values,
+        // without the CPU having to wait for them.
+        vkutil::bufferShaderReadToTransferWriteBarrier(cmd, materialBuffer, 0, VK_WHOLE_SIZE);
+
+        for (MaterialID id : pendingMaterialUploads)
+        {
+            const MaterialData data = resources->materials().getMaterialData(id);
+            vkCmdUpdateBuffer(
+                cmd,
+                materialBuffer,
+                static_cast<VkDeviceSize>(id) * sizeof(MaterialData),
+                sizeof(MaterialData),
+                &data);
+        }
+        pendingMaterialUploads.clear();
     }
 
-    for (MaterialID id : pendingMaterialUploads)
-    {
-        resources->materials().updateMaterialGPU(id);
-        gfxDevice.getMemoryManager().flushAllocation(
-            resources->materials().getMaterialDataBuffer(),
-            static_cast<VkDeviceSize>(id) * sizeof(MaterialData),
-            sizeof(MaterialData));
-    }
-    pendingMaterialUploads.clear();
+    // newly added materials are written through the mapped pointer, updates by the copies above
+    vkutil::bufferHostAndTransferWriteToShaderReadBarrier(cmd, materialBuffer, 0, VK_WHOLE_SIZE);
 }
 
 void GameRenderer::createDrawImage(GfxDevice& gfxDevice,
@@ -589,8 +625,9 @@ void GameRenderer::createDrawImage(GfxDevice& gfxDevice,
             .samples = noMsaa,
         };
 
-        // reuse the same id if creating again
-        drawImageId = resources->createImage(gfxDevice, createImageInfo, "draw image", nullptr, drawImageId);
+        // a fresh bindless slot, the old one may still be read by frames in flight
+        resources->destroyImage(drawImageId);
+        drawImageId = resources->createImage(gfxDevice, createImageInfo, "draw image");
 
         if (firstCreate)
         {
@@ -609,7 +646,8 @@ void GameRenderer::createDrawImage(GfxDevice& gfxDevice,
             .samples = noMsaa,
         };
 
-        depthImageId = resources->createImage(gfxDevice, createInfo, "depth image", nullptr, depthImageId);
+        resources->destroyImage(depthImageId);
+        depthImageId = resources->createImage(gfxDevice, createInfo, "depth image");
         spdlog::info("Created depth image with id {}", depthImageId);
     }
 }

destrum/src/Graphics/Resources/Cubemap.cpp

@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ void CubeMap::CreateCubeMap(
                 vkDestroyImageView(gfxDevice.getDevice(), view, nullptr);
             }
         }
-        gfxDevice.destroyImage(cubeMapImage);
+        gfxDevice.destroyImageNow(cubeMapImage);
         throw;
     }
 }

destrum/src/Graphics/Swapchain.cpp

@@ -134,6 +134,8 @@ bool Swapchain::recreateSwapchain(
     surface = surf;
 
     {
+        // Resizing is rare, and the old swapchain (plus its views and the renderer's
+        // size-dependent images) can't be destroyed while a present may still use it.
         ZoneScopedN("vkDeviceWaitIdle");
         vkDeviceWaitIdle(vkbDevice);
     }

destrum/src/Graphics/Util.cpp

@@ -165,6 +165,46 @@ void vkutil::bufferHostWriteToShaderReadBarrier(
     vkCmdPipelineBarrier2(cmd, &dep);
 }
 
+void vkutil::bufferShaderReadToTransferWriteBarrier(
+    VkCommandBuffer cmd, VkBuffer buffer, VkDeviceSize offset, VkDeviceSize size) {
+    VkBufferMemoryBarrier2 barrier{VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_MEMORY_BARRIER_2};
+    barrier.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_VERTEX_SHADER_BIT |
+                           VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT |
+                           VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COMPUTE_SHADER_BIT;
+    barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_READ_BIT;
+    barrier.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_TRANSFER_BIT;
+    barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_2_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
+    barrier.buffer = buffer;
+    barrier.offset = offset;
+    barrier.size = size;
+
+    VkDependencyInfo dep{VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEPENDENCY_INFO};
+    dep.bufferMemoryBarrierCount = 1;
+    dep.pBufferMemoryBarriers = &barrier;
+
+    vkCmdPipelineBarrier2(cmd, &dep);
+}
+
+void vkutil::bufferHostAndTransferWriteToShaderReadBarrier(
+    VkCommandBuffer cmd, VkBuffer buffer, VkDeviceSize offset, VkDeviceSize size) {
+    VkBufferMemoryBarrier2 barrier{VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_MEMORY_BARRIER_2};
+    barrier.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_HOST_BIT | VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_TRANSFER_BIT;
+    barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_2_HOST_WRITE_BIT | VK_ACCESS_2_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
+    barrier.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_VERTEX_SHADER_BIT |
+                           VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT |
+                           VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COMPUTE_SHADER_BIT;
+    barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_READ_BIT;
+    barrier.buffer = buffer;
+    barrier.offset = offset;
+    barrier.size = size;
+
+    VkDependencyInfo dep{VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEPENDENCY_INFO};
+    dep.bufferMemoryBarrierCount = 1;
+    dep.pBufferMemoryBarriers = &barrier;
+
+    vkCmdPipelineBarrier2(cmd, &dep);
+}
+
 void vkutil::bufferHostWriteToTransferReadBarrier(
     VkCommandBuffer cmd,
     VkBuffer buffer,

destrum/src/Physics/SimplePhysicsWorld.cpp

@@ -1,291 +0,0 @@
-#include <destrum/Physics/SimplePhysicsWorld.h>
-
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <cmath>
-#include <limits>
-
-#include <destrum/Components/Physics/Rigidbody.h>
-#include <destrum/ObjectModel/GameObject.h>
-#include <destrum/ObjectModel/Transform.h>
-
-SimplePhysicsWorld::SimplePhysicsWorld(const glm::vec3& gravity)
-    : m_Gravity(gravity) {
-}
-
-PhysicsBodyHandle SimplePhysicsWorld::CreateBody(const PhysicsBodyDesc& desc) {
-    BodyRecord record{};
-    record.alive = true;
-    record.handle = PhysicsBodyHandle{m_NextId++};
-    record.desc = desc;
-    record.previousTransform = desc.transform;
-    record.currentTransform = desc.transform;
-
-    if (desc.owner) {
-        record.rigidbody = desc.owner->GetComponent<Rigidbody>();
-    }
-
-    m_Bodies.emplace_back(record);
-    return record.handle;
-}
-
-void SimplePhysicsWorld::DestroyBody(PhysicsBodyHandle body) {
-    if (BodyRecord* record = FindBody(body)) {
-        record->alive = false;
-        record->rigidbody = nullptr;
-        record->desc.owner = nullptr;
-    }
-}
-
-void SimplePhysicsWorld::SetBodyTransform(PhysicsBodyHandle body, const PhysicsTransform& transform) {
-    BodyRecord* record = FindBody(body);
-    if (!record) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    record->previousTransform = record->currentTransform;
-    record->currentTransform = transform;
-}
-
-PhysicsTransform SimplePhysicsWorld::GetBodyTransform(PhysicsBodyHandle body) const {
-    const BodyRecord* record = FindBody(body);
-    if (!record) {
-        return {};
-    }
-
-    return record->currentTransform;
-}
-
-void SimplePhysicsWorld::SetLinearVelocity(PhysicsBodyHandle body, const glm::vec3& velocity) {
-    BodyRecord* record = FindBody(body);
-    if (!record) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    record->linearVelocity = velocity;
-}
-
-glm::vec3 SimplePhysicsWorld::GetLinearVelocity(PhysicsBodyHandle body) const {
-    const BodyRecord* record = FindBody(body);
-    if (!record) {
-        return glm::vec3{0.0f};
-    }
-
-    return record->linearVelocity;
-}
-
-void SimplePhysicsWorld::AddForce(PhysicsBodyHandle body, const glm::vec3& force) {
-    BodyRecord* record = FindBody(body);
-    if (!record || record->desc.type != RigidbodyType::Dynamic) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    record->accumulatedForce += force;
-}
-
-void SimplePhysicsWorld::AddImpulse(PhysicsBodyHandle body, const glm::vec3& impulse) {
-    BodyRecord* record = FindBody(body);
-    if (!record || record->desc.type != RigidbodyType::Dynamic) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    const float invMass = record->desc.mass > 0.0f ? 1.0f / record->desc.mass : 0.0f;
-    record->linearVelocity += impulse * invMass;
-}
-
-void SimplePhysicsWorld::Step(float fixedDt) {
-    if (fixedDt <= 0.0f) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    for (BodyRecord& body : m_Bodies) {
-        if (!body.alive || !body.desc.owner ||
-            body.desc.owner->IsBeingDestroyed() ||
-            !body.desc.owner->IsActiveInHierarchy()) {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        body.previousTransform = body.currentTransform;
-
-        if (body.desc.type != RigidbodyType::Dynamic) {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        const float invMass = body.desc.mass > 0.0f ? 1.0f / body.desc.mass : 0.0f;
-
-        glm::vec3 acceleration{0.0f};
-
-        if (body.desc.useGravity) {
-            acceleration += m_Gravity;
-        }
-
-        acceleration += body.accumulatedForce * invMass;
-
-        // Semi-implicit Euler.
-        body.linearVelocity += acceleration * fixedDt;
-        body.currentTransform.position += body.linearVelocity * fixedDt;
-
-        body.accumulatedForce = glm::vec3{0.0f};
-    }
-
-    // Compact dead records occasionally.
-    m_Bodies.erase(
-        std::remove_if(m_Bodies.begin(), m_Bodies.end(),
-            [](const BodyRecord& body) { return !body.alive; }),
-        m_Bodies.end());
-}
-
-void SimplePhysicsWorld::SyncKinematicBodiesToPhysics(float fixedDt) {
-    for (BodyRecord& body : m_Bodies) {
-        if (!body.alive || body.desc.type != RigidbodyType::Kinematic || !body.desc.owner ||
-            body.desc.owner->IsBeingDestroyed() || !body.desc.owner->IsActiveInHierarchy()) {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        Transform& transform = body.desc.owner->GetTransform();
-
-        body.previousTransform = body.currentTransform;
-        body.currentTransform.position = transform.GetWorldPosition();
-        body.currentTransform.rotation = transform.GetWorldRotation();
-        body.linearVelocity = fixedDt > 0.0f
-            ? (body.currentTransform.position - body.previousTransform.position) / fixedDt
-            : glm::vec3{0.0f};
-    }
-}
-
-void SimplePhysicsWorld::SyncDynamicBodiesToTransforms() {
-    for (BodyRecord& body : m_Bodies) {
-        if (!body.alive || body.desc.type != RigidbodyType::Dynamic || !body.desc.owner ||
-            body.desc.owner->IsBeingDestroyed() || !body.desc.owner->IsActiveInHierarchy()) {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        Transform& transform = body.desc.owner->GetTransform();
-        transform.SetWorldPosition(body.currentTransform.position);
-        transform.SetWorldRotation(body.currentTransform.rotation);
-    }
-}
-
-bool SimplePhysicsWorld::Raycast(const glm::vec3& origin,
-                                 const glm::vec3& direction,
-                                 float maxDistance,
-                                 PhysicsRaycastHit& hit,
-                                 PhysicsBodyHandle ignoreBody) const {
-    if (maxDistance <= 0.0f) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    const float len = glm::length(direction);
-    if (len <= 0.00001f) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    const glm::vec3 dir = direction / len;
-
-    bool found = false;
-    float bestDistance = std::numeric_limits<float>::max();
-
-    for (const BodyRecord& body : m_Bodies) {
-        if (!body.alive || body.desc.shape.type == PhysicsShapeType::None ||
-            !body.desc.owner || body.desc.owner->IsBeingDestroyed() ||
-            !body.desc.owner->IsActiveInHierarchy() ||
-            body.desc.shape.isTrigger ||
-            (ignoreBody.IsValid() && body.handle.id == ignoreBody.id)) {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        float distance = 0.0f;
-        const float radius = GetApproxBoundingRadius(body);
-        const glm::vec3 center = body.currentTransform.position
-            + body.currentTransform.rotation * body.desc.shape.centerOffset;
-
-        if (RaySphere(origin, dir, center, radius, maxDistance, distance)) {
-            if (distance < bestDistance) {
-                bestDistance = distance;
-                found = true;
-
-                hit.object = body.desc.owner;
-                hit.body = body.handle;
-                hit.distance = distance;
-                hit.point = origin + dir * distance;
-
-                const glm::vec3 n = hit.point - center;
-                hit.normal = glm::length(n) > 0.00001f ? glm::normalize(n) : glm::vec3{0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f};
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    return found;
-}
-
-SimplePhysicsWorld::BodyRecord* SimplePhysicsWorld::FindBody(PhysicsBodyHandle body) {
-    for (BodyRecord& record : m_Bodies) {
-        if (record.alive && record.handle == body) {
-            return &record;
-        }
-    }
-
-    return nullptr;
-}
-
-const SimplePhysicsWorld::BodyRecord* SimplePhysicsWorld::FindBody(PhysicsBodyHandle body) const {
-    for (const BodyRecord& record : m_Bodies) {
-        if (record.alive && record.handle == body) {
-            return &record;
-        }
-    }
-
-    return nullptr;
-}
-
-float SimplePhysicsWorld::GetApproxBoundingRadius(const BodyRecord& body) const {
-    const PhysicsShapeDesc& shape = body.desc.shape;
-
-    switch (shape.type) {
-        case PhysicsShapeType::Box:
-            return glm::length(shape.halfExtents);
-
-        case PhysicsShapeType::Sphere:
-            return shape.radius;
-
-        case PhysicsShapeType::Capsule:
-            return shape.height * 0.5f;
-
-        case PhysicsShapeType::None:
-        default:
-            return 0.0f;
-    }
-}
-
-bool SimplePhysicsWorld::RaySphere(const glm::vec3& origin,
-                                   const glm::vec3& dirNormalized,
-                                   const glm::vec3& center,
-                                   float radius,
-                                   float maxDistance,
-                                   float& outDistance) {
-    const glm::vec3 oc = origin - center;
-
-    const float a = glm::dot(dirNormalized, dirNormalized);
-    const float b = 2.0f * glm::dot(oc, dirNormalized);
-    const float c = glm::dot(oc, oc) - radius * radius;
-
-    const float discriminant = b * b - 4.0f * a * c;
-    if (discriminant < 0.0f) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    const float sqrtDisc = std::sqrt(discriminant);
-    const float t0 = (-b - sqrtDisc) / (2.0f * a);
-    const float t1 = (-b + sqrtDisc) / (2.0f * a);
-
-    float t = t0;
-    if (t < 0.0f) {
-        t = t1;
-    }
-
-    if (t < 0.0f || t > maxDistance) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    outDistance = t;
-    return true;
-}

lightkeeper/src/Lightkeeper.cpp

@@ -171,8 +171,6 @@ void LightKeeper::customDraw()
 
 void LightKeeper::customCleanup()
 {
-    gfxDevice.waitIdle();
-
     SceneManager::GetInstance().Destroy();
 
     if (skyboxCubemap)

tests/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -1,5 +1,13 @@
 add_executable(destrum_tests
-        destrum_tests.cpp
+        main.cpp
+        TestUtils.h
+        core_tests.cpp
+        serialization_tests.cpp
+        physics_tests.cpp
+        assets_tests.cpp
+        graphics_tests.cpp
+        ui_tests.cpp
+        gameplay_tests.cpp
         ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/lightkeeper/src/components/Activatable.cpp
         ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/lightkeeper/src/components/Interactable.cpp
         ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/lightkeeper/src/components/InteractableButton.cpp
@@ -26,4 +34,6 @@ target_link_libraries(destrum_tests PRIVATE destrum::destrum)
 
 destrum_enable_warnings(destrum_tests)
 
-add_test(NAME destrum_tests COMMAND destrum_tests)
+foreach(suite core serialization physics assets graphics ui gameplay)
+    add_test(NAME destrum_tests.${suite} COMMAND destrum_tests ${suite})
+endforeach()

tests/TestUtils.h

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <filesystem>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+
+#include <destrum/ObjectModel/GameObject.h>
+#include <destrum/Scene/Scene.h>
+
+namespace test {
+    inline void check(bool condition, const char* message)
+    {
+        if (!condition) {
+            std::cerr << "FAILED: " << message << '\n';
+            std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    inline bool close(float a, float b)
+    {
+        return std::abs(a - b) < 0.001f;
+    }
+
+    inline std::string readFile(const std::filesystem::path& path)
+    {
+        std::ifstream file(path, std::ios::binary);
+        return {std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(file), std::istreambuf_iterator<char>()};
+    }
+
+    inline GameObject* findByName(const Scene& scene, const std::string& name)
+    {
+        for (const auto& object : scene.GetObjects()) {
+            if (object->GetName() == name) {
+                return object.get();
+            }
+        }
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+}

tests/assets_tests.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,463 @@
+#include <cstring>
+#include <filesystem>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+
+#include <glm/gtc/packing.hpp>
+#include <destrum/Assets/AssetManager.h>
+#include <destrum/Assets/AssetReference.h>
+#include <destrum/Assets/ModelFile.h>
+#include <destrum/Assets/TextureFile.h>
+#include <destrum/FS/AssetFS.h>
+#include <destrum/ObjectModel/Component.h>
+#include <destrum/ObjectModel/GameObject.h>
+#include <destrum/Serialization/GlmJson.h>
+#include <destrum/Components/Animator.h>
+#include <destrum/Graphics/Material.h>
+#include <destrum/Graphics/imageLoader.h>
+
+#include "TestUtils.h"
+
+using namespace test;
+
+namespace {
+    void testAssetPathValidation()
+    {
+        const auto root = std::filesystem::temp_directory_path() / "destrum_asset_test";
+        std::filesystem::create_directories(root / "assets" / "engine");
+        std::filesystem::create_directories(root / "assets" / "game");
+        std::ofstream{root / "assets" / "engine" / "asset.txt"} << "asset";
+        std::ofstream{root / "assets" / "engine" / "cooked.asset"} << "cooked";
+        std::ofstream{root / "assets" / "engine" / "manifest.json"}
+            << R"({"version":1,"assets":[{"src":"asset.txt","out":"cooked.asset","type":"raw","mtime_epoch_ns":-5020137004799419216,"size_bytes":355972}]})";
+
+        auto& assetFs = AssetFS::GetInstance();
+        assetFs.Init(root);
+        check(std::filesystem::exists(assetFs.GetFullPath("engine://asset.txt")),
+              "valid virtual asset paths must resolve");
+        check(assetFs.GetCookedPathForFile("engine://asset.txt").filename() == "cooked.asset",
+              "manifest output paths must resolve to cooked assets");
+
+        bool rejected = false;
+        try {
+            (void)assetFs.GetFullPath("engine://../outside.txt");
+        } catch (const std::exception&) {
+            rejected = true;
+        }
+        check(rejected, "asset traversal must be rejected");
+
+        const auto outside = root / "outside";
+        const auto link = root / "assets" / "engine" / "link";
+        std::filesystem::create_directories(outside);
+        std::error_code symlinkError;
+        std::filesystem::create_directory_symlink(outside, link, symlinkError);
+        if (!symlinkError) {
+            bool symlinkEscapeRejected = false;
+            try {
+                (void)assetFs.GetFullPath("engine://link/missing.txt");
+            } catch (const std::exception&) {
+                symlinkEscapeRejected = true;
+            }
+            check(symlinkEscapeRejected,
+                  "symlink traversal must be rejected for missing targets");
+        }
+
+        std::filesystem::remove_all(root);
+        assetFs.Reset();
+    }
+
+    void testAnimatorAssetReferences()
+    {
+        GameObject object{"animated"};
+        auto* animator = object.AddComponent<Animator>();
+
+        Skeleton skeleton;
+        Joint joint;
+        joint.id = 0;
+        joint.localTranslation = glm::vec3{0.0f};
+        joint.localRotation = glm::identity<glm::quat>();
+        joint.localScale = glm::vec3{1.0f};
+        skeleton.joints.push_back(joint);
+        skeleton.inverseBindMatrices.push_back(glm::mat4{1.0f});
+        skeleton.jointNames.push_back("root");
+        skeleton.assetReference.path = "engine://character.fbx";
+        buildParentIndex(skeleton);
+        animator->setSkeleton(std::move(skeleton));
+
+        auto clip = std::make_shared<SkeletalAnimation>();
+        clip->name = "walk";
+        clip->assetReference.path = "engine://walk.fbx";
+        clip->assetReference.subresource = "animation:0";
+        clip->duration = 1.0f;
+        SkeletalAnimation::Keyframe keyframe;
+        keyframe.time = 0.0f;
+        keyframe.translation = glm::vec3{0.0f};
+        keyframe.rotation = glm::identity<glm::quat>();
+        keyframe.scale = glm::vec3{1.0f};
+        SkeletalAnimation::Track track;
+        track.jointIndex = 0;
+        track.keyframes.push_back(keyframe);
+        clip->tracks.push_back(std::move(track));
+        animator->addClip(std::move(clip));
+        animator->play("walk");
+
+        const auto data = animator->Serialize();
+        check(data.contains("assetReferences"),
+              "Animator scenes must store asset references");
+        check(data.at("assetReferences").at("skeleton").at("path") == "engine://character.fbx",
+              "Animator serialization must store the skeleton source");
+        check(data.at("assetReferences").at("animations").at(0).at("asset").at("subresource") ==
+                  "animation:0",
+              "Animator serialization must store the animation subresource");
+        check(data.dump().find("keyframes") == std::string::npos,
+              "Animator scene data must not embed animation keyframes");
+    }
+
+    ModelDoc::ModelAsset makeTestModelAsset()
+    {
+        Skeleton skeleton;
+        skeleton.assetReference = {.path = "engine://character.fbx", .subresource = "skeleton"};
+        skeleton.hierarchy = {{.id = 0, .children = {1}}, {.id = 1, .children = {}}};
+        skeleton.inverseBindMatrices = {glm::mat4{1.0f}, glm::mat4{2.0f}};
+        skeleton.joints = {
+            {.id = 0, .localTranslation = glm::vec3{0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f}},
+            {.id = 1, .localScale = glm::vec3{2.0f}},
+        };
+        skeleton.jointNames = {"root", "spine"};
+        buildParentIndex(skeleton);
+
+        CPUMesh mesh;
+        mesh.indices = {0, 1, 2};
+        mesh.vertices = {
+            {.position = glm::vec3{0.0f}, .uv_x = 0.25f, .normal = glm::vec3{0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f}},
+            {.position = glm::vec3{1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}, .tangent = glm::vec4{1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f}},
+            {.position = glm::vec3{0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}, .uv_y = 0.75f},
+        };
+        mesh.skinningData = {
+            {.jointIds = glm::uvec4{0, 1, 0, 0}, .weights = glm::vec4{0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f}},
+            {.jointIds = glm::uvec4{1, 0, 0, 0}, .weights = glm::vec4{1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}},
+            {.jointIds = glm::uvec4{0, 0, 0, 0}, .weights = glm::vec4{1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}},
+        };
+        mesh.name = "body";
+        mesh.assetReference = {.path = "engine://character.fbx", .subresource = "mesh:0"};
+        mesh.minPos = glm::vec3{0.0f};
+        mesh.maxPos = glm::vec3{1.0f};
+        mesh.skeleton = skeleton;
+
+        ModelDoc::MeshPrimitive primitive;
+        primitive.mesh = mesh;
+        primitive.materialIndex = 0;
+        primitive.nodeName = "Body";
+        primitive.sourceMeshIndex = 3;
+        primitive.skinned = true;
+        primitive.nodeWorldTransform = glm::mat4{3.0f};
+
+        ModelDoc::MaterialInfo material;
+        material.name = "skin";
+        material.assetReference = {.path = "engine://character.fbx", .subresource = "material:0"};
+        material.baseColor = glm::vec4{0.8f, 0.6f, 0.4f, 1.0f};
+        material.emissiveColor = glm::vec3{0.1f};
+        material.metallicFactor = 0.2f;
+        material.roughnessFactor = 0.9f;
+        material.opacity = 0.5f;
+        material.textures = {{
+            .semantic = ModelDoc::TextureSemantic::BaseColor,
+            .rawPath = "skin.png",
+            .path = "textures/skin.png",
+            .assimpType = aiTextureType_DIFFUSE,
+            .slot = 1,
+            .embedded = false,
+        }};
+
+        SkeletalAnimation animation;
+        animation.assetReference = {.path = "engine://character.fbx", .subresource = "animation:0"};
+        animation.tracks = {{
+            .jointIndex = 1,
+            .keyframes = {
+                {.time = 0.0f, .translation = glm::vec3{0.0f}, .rotation = glm::identity<glm::quat>(), .scale = glm::vec3{1.0f}},
+                {.time = 0.5f, .translation = glm::vec3{0.0f, 2.0f, 0.0f}, .rotation = glm::quat{0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}, .scale = glm::vec3{1.0f}},
+            },
+        }};
+        animation.duration = 0.5f;
+        animation.looped = false;
+        animation.name = "wave";
+        animation.startFrame = 4;
+        animation.events = {{2, {"footstep", "dust"}}};
+
+        ModelDoc::ModelAsset model;
+        model.sourcePath = "engine://character.fbx";
+        model.primitives = {primitive};
+        model.materials = {material};
+        model.skeleton = skeleton;
+        model.animations = {animation};
+        return model;
+    }
+
+    bool modelFileReadThrows(const std::vector<std::uint8_t>& bytes)
+    {
+        try {
+            (void)ModelFile::Read(bytes);
+        } catch (const std::exception&) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    void testModelFileRoundTrip()
+    {
+        const auto bytes = ModelFile::Write(makeTestModelAsset());
+        const auto loaded = ModelFile::Read(bytes);
+
+        check(ModelFile::Write(loaded) == bytes,
+              "a cooked model must write back to exactly the same bytes");
+
+        check(loaded.sourcePath == "engine://character.fbx",
+              "cooked models must keep their source path");
+
+        check(loaded.primitives.size() == 1, "cooked models must keep their primitives");
+        const auto& primitive = loaded.primitives.front();
+        check(primitive.nodeName == "Body" && primitive.sourceMeshIndex == 3 && primitive.skinned,
+              "cooked primitives must keep their import metadata");
+        check(primitive.mesh.indices == std::vector<std::uint32_t>{0, 1, 2},
+              "cooked meshes must keep their indices");
+        check(primitive.mesh.vertices.size() == 3 &&
+              primitive.mesh.vertices[0].uv_x == 0.25f &&
+              primitive.mesh.vertices[1].tangent.w == -1.0f,
+              "cooked meshes must keep their vertices");
+        check(primitive.mesh.skinningData[0].jointIds.y == 1 &&
+              primitive.mesh.skinningData[0].weights.x == 0.5f,
+              "cooked meshes must keep their skinning data");
+        check(primitive.mesh.skeleton.has_value() &&
+              primitive.mesh.skeleton->jointNames.size() == 2,
+              "cooked skinned meshes must keep their skeleton");
+
+        check(loaded.materials.size() == 1 && loaded.materials.front().opacity == 0.5f,
+              "cooked models must keep their materials");
+        const auto& texture = loaded.materials.front().textures.front();
+        check(texture.semantic == ModelDoc::TextureSemantic::BaseColor &&
+              texture.path == "textures/skin.png" &&
+              texture.assimpType == aiTextureType_DIFFUSE &&
+              texture.slot == 1 &&
+              !texture.embedded,
+              "cooked materials must keep their textures");
+
+        check(loaded.skeleton.jointNames == std::vector<std::string>{"root", "spine"} &&
+              loaded.skeleton.parentIndex == std::vector<int>{-1, 0} &&
+              loaded.skeleton.joints[1].localScale == glm::vec3{2.0f},
+              "cooked models must keep their skeleton");
+
+        check(loaded.animations.size() == 1, "cooked models must keep their animations");
+        const auto& animation = loaded.animations.front();
+        check(animation.name == "wave" && !animation.looped && animation.startFrame == 4,
+              "cooked animations must keep their settings");
+        check(animation.tracks.front().keyframes[1].translation.y == 2.0f &&
+              animation.tracks.front().keyframes[1].rotation.x == 1.0f,
+              "cooked animations must keep their keyframes");
+        check(animation.events.at(2) == std::vector<std::string>{"footstep", "dust"},
+              "cooked animations must keep their events");
+    }
+
+    void testModelFileRejectsBadData()
+    {
+        const auto bytes = ModelFile::Write(makeTestModelAsset());
+
+        auto truncated = bytes;
+        truncated.resize(bytes.size() / 2);
+        check(modelFileReadThrows(truncated), "truncated cooked models must be rejected");
+
+        auto wrongMagic = bytes;
+        wrongMagic[0] = 'X';
+        check(modelFileReadThrows(wrongMagic), "files that aren't cooked models must be rejected");
+
+        auto wrongVersion = bytes;
+        wrongVersion[4] = static_cast<std::uint8_t>(wrongVersion[4] + 1);
+        check(modelFileReadThrows(wrongVersion), "cooked models from another version must be rejected");
+
+        auto trailingData = bytes;
+        trailingData.push_back(0);
+        check(modelFileReadThrows(trailingData), "cooked models with trailing data must be rejected");
+    }
+
+    bool loadModelThrows(std::string_view reference, const ModelDoc::LoadOptions& options)
+    {
+        try {
+            (void)AssetManager::GetInstance().LoadModel(reference, options);
+        } catch (const std::exception&) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    void testModelFileFromImportedModel()
+    {
+        const auto source = std::filesystem::path{DESTRUM_ENGINE_ASSETS_SRC_DIR} / "sphere.fbx";
+        const auto imported = ModelDoc::LoadModel(source.generic_string());
+
+        const auto path = std::filesystem::temp_directory_path() / "destrum_model_test.dmodel";
+        ModelFile::WriteToFile(imported, path);
+        const auto loaded = ModelFile::ReadFromFile(path);
+        std::filesystem::remove(path);
+
+        check(!imported.primitives.empty(), "the test model must import with at least one primitive");
+        check(loaded.primitives.size() == imported.primitives.size() &&
+              loaded.primitives.front().mesh.vertices.size() == imported.primitives.front().mesh.vertices.size() &&
+              loaded.primitives.front().mesh.indices == imported.primitives.front().mesh.indices,
+              "an imported model must survive being cooked");
+        check(ModelFile::Write(loaded) == ModelFile::Write(imported),
+              "a cooked imported model must match the import exactly");
+    }
+
+    void testAssetManagerLoadsCookedModels()
+    {
+        const auto root = std::filesystem::temp_directory_path() / "destrum_cooked_model_test";
+        const auto engineDir = root / "assets" / "engine";
+        std::filesystem::remove_all(root);
+        std::filesystem::create_directories(engineDir);
+        std::filesystem::create_directories(root / "assets" / "game");
+
+        // The source can't be imported, so a successful load has to come from the cooked file
+        std::ofstream{engineDir / "model.fbx"} << "not a model";
+        ModelFile::WriteToFile(makeTestModelAsset(), engineDir / "model.fbx.dmodel");
+        std::ofstream{engineDir / "manifest.json"}
+            << R"({"version":1,"assets":[{"src":"model.fbx","out":"model.fbx.dmodel","type":"model","mtime_epoch_ns":0,"size_bytes":0}]})";
+
+        auto& assetFs = AssetFS::GetInstance();
+        assetFs.Init(root);
+
+        const auto model = AssetManager::GetInstance().LoadModel("engine://model.fbx");
+        check(model.primitives.size() == 1 && model.animations.size() == 1,
+              "cooked models must be loaded instead of importing the source");
+        check(model.sourcePath == "engine://model.fbx" &&
+              model.primitives.front().mesh.assetReference.path == "engine://model.fbx" &&
+              model.primitives.front().mesh.skeleton->assetReference.path == "engine://model.fbx",
+              "cooked models must be referenced by their virtual path");
+        check(model.materials.front().textures.front().path ==
+                  std::filesystem::weakly_canonical(engineDir / "textures/skin.png").generic_string(),
+              "cooked texture paths must be resolved next to the cooked model");
+
+        ModelDoc::LoadOptions withoutExtras{};
+        withoutExtras.loadMaterials = false;
+        withoutExtras.loadAnimations = false;
+        const auto stripped = AssetManager::GetInstance().LoadModel("engine://model.fbx", withoutExtras);
+        check(stripped.materials.empty() &&
+              stripped.animations.empty() &&
+              stripped.primitives.front().materialIndex == ModelDoc::InvalidIndex,
+              "cooked models must drop what the load options didn't ask for");
+
+        ModelDoc::LoadOptions withoutSkeleton{};
+        withoutSkeleton.loadSkeleton = false;
+        check(loadModelThrows("engine://model.fbx", withoutSkeleton),
+              "skinned cooked models must be imported when loaded without a skeleton");
+
+        ModelDoc::LoadOptions otherImport{};
+        otherImport.flipUVs = false;
+        check(loadModelThrows("engine://model.fbx", otherImport),
+              "cooked models must be imported when the import options differ from the cook options");
+
+        assetFs.Reset();
+        std::filesystem::remove_all(root);
+    }
+
+    TextureFile::Texture makeTestTexture()
+    {
+        const std::vector<float> rgba{
+            0.0f, 0.25f, 0.5f, 1.0f,
+            2.0f, 16.0f, 100.0f, 1.0f,
+        };
+        return TextureFile::FromRGBA32Float(2, 1, rgba);
+    }
+
+    bool textureFileReadThrows(const std::vector<std::uint8_t>& bytes)
+    {
+        try {
+            (void)TextureFile::Read(bytes);
+        } catch (const std::exception&) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    void testTextureFileRoundTrip()
+    {
+        const auto texture = makeTestTexture();
+        check(texture.pixels.size() == 2 * TextureFile::BytesPerPixel(TextureFile::PixelFormat::RGBA16Float),
+              "cooked textures must store every pixel");
+
+        std::uint64_t secondPixel = 0;
+        std::memcpy(&secondPixel, texture.pixels.data() + 8, sizeof(secondPixel));
+        const glm::vec4 unpacked = glm::unpackHalf4x16(secondPixel);
+        check(unpacked == glm::vec4{2.0f, 16.0f, 100.0f, 1.0f},
+              "half float conversion must keep HDR values above 1");
+
+        const auto bytes = TextureFile::Write(texture);
+        const auto loaded = TextureFile::Read(bytes);
+        check(loaded.width == 2 && loaded.height == 1 &&
+              loaded.format == TextureFile::PixelFormat::RGBA16Float &&
+              loaded.pixels == texture.pixels,
+              "cooked textures must round-trip");
+
+        auto truncated = bytes;
+        truncated.resize(bytes.size() - 1);
+        check(textureFileReadThrows(truncated), "truncated cooked textures must be rejected");
+
+        auto wrongMagic = bytes;
+        wrongMagic[0] = 'X';
+        check(textureFileReadThrows(wrongMagic), "files that aren't cooked textures must be rejected");
+
+        auto wrongSize = bytes;
+        wrongSize[8] = 3;
+        check(textureFileReadThrows(wrongSize), "cooked textures whose size doesn't match their pixels must be rejected");
+    }
+
+    void testImageLoaderReadsCookedTextures()
+    {
+        const auto path = std::filesystem::temp_directory_path() / "destrum_texture_test.dtex";
+        const auto texture = makeTestTexture();
+        TextureFile::WriteToFile(texture, path);
+
+        const auto image = util::loadImage(path, TextureIntent::ColorSrgb);
+        std::filesystem::remove(path);
+
+        check(image.vkFormat == VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT &&
+              image.width == 2 && image.height == 1 &&
+              image.byteSize == texture.pixels.size(),
+              "cooked textures must load as half float images");
+        check(image.pixels != nullptr &&
+              std::memcmp(image.pixels, texture.pixels.data(), texture.pixels.size()) == 0,
+              "cooked texture pixels must be uploaded as stored");
+    }
+
+    void testAssetReferenceCacheKeys()
+    {
+        const AssetReference reference{
+            .path = "game://CharacterMedium.fbx",
+            .subresource = "mesh:0",
+        };
+
+        const auto key = reference.cacheKey();
+        check(key == "game://CharacterMedium.fbx#mesh:0",
+              "asset references must produce stable cache keys");
+
+        const auto parsed = AssetReference::fromCacheKey(key);
+        check(parsed.has_value() &&
+              parsed->path == reference.path &&
+              parsed->subresource == reference.subresource,
+              "asset cache keys must recover their source reference");
+        check(!AssetReference::fromCacheKey("CharacterMedium.fbx").has_value(),
+              "plain cache names must not be treated as file-backed assets");
+    }
+}
+
+void RunAssetsTests()
+{
+    testAssetPathValidation();
+    testAnimatorAssetReferences();
+    testModelFileRoundTrip();
+    testModelFileRejectsBadData();
+    testModelFileFromImportedModel();
+    testAssetManagerLoadsCookedModels();
+    testTextureFileRoundTrip();
+    testImageLoaderReadsCookedTextures();
+    testAssetReferenceCacheKeys();
+}

tests/core_tests.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+#include <filesystem>
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+
+#include <destrum/Event.h>
+#include <destrum/ObjectModel/Component.h>
+#include <destrum/ObjectModel/GameObject.h>
+#include <destrum/Scene/Scene.h>
+#include <destrum/Scene/SceneManager.h>
+#include <destrum/Serialization/ComponentFactory.h>
+#include <destrum/Serialization/ComponentRegistry.h>
+#include <destrum/Serialization/GlmJson.h>
+#include <destrum/Serialization/SceneSerializer.h>
+#include <destrum/Components/Physics/SphereCollider.h>
+#include <destrum/Components/Physics/BoxCollider.h>
+#include <destrum/Components/Physics/CapsuleCollider.h>
+#include <destrum/Components/Physics/Collider.h>
+#include <destrum/Components/Animator.h>
+#include <destrum/Components/CameraComponent.h>
+#include <destrum/Components/UI/Canvas.h>
+#include <destrum/Components/UI/RectTransform.h>
+#include <destrum/Components/UI/UIImage.h>
+#include <destrum/Components/UI/UIText.h>
+#include <destrum/Components/LightComponent.h>
+#include <destrum/Components/Physics/Rigidbody.h>
+
+#include "TestUtils.h"
+
+using namespace test;
+
+namespace {
+    class TestComponent final : public Component {
+    public:
+        explicit TestComponent(GameObject& owner) : Component(owner, "TestComponent") {}
+
+        void Update(float) override {}
+        std::string GetTypeName() const override { return "TestComponent"; }
+    };
+
+    class RemovingListener final : public EventListener {
+    public:
+        explicit RemovingListener(std::unique_ptr<RemovingListener>* victim)
+            : victim(victim) {}
+
+        void OnEvent(int) {
+            if (victim != nullptr) {
+                victim->reset();
+                victim = nullptr;
+            }
+            ++calls;
+        }
+
+        int calls{0};
+
+    private:
+        std::unique_ptr<RemovingListener>* victim;
+    };
+
+    void testTransforms()
+    {
+        GameObject parent{"parent"};
+        GameObject child{"child"};
+
+        parent.GetTransform().SetLocalPosition({10.f, 2.f, -4.f});
+        parent.GetTransform().SetLocalRotation({0.f, 0.f, 90.f});
+        parent.GetTransform().SetLocalScale({2.f, 2.f, 2.f});
+        child.GetTransform().SetLocalPosition({1.f, 0.f, 0.f});
+
+        child.GetTransform().SetParent(&parent.GetTransform(), true);
+        const auto worldPosition = child.GetTransform().GetWorldPosition();
+        check(close(worldPosition.x, 1.f) && close(worldPosition.y, 0.f),
+              "reparenting must preserve world position");
+
+        child.GetTransform().SetWorldPosition({20.f, 10.f, 0.f});
+        const auto movedPosition = child.GetTransform().GetWorldPosition();
+        check(close(movedPosition.x, 20.f) && close(movedPosition.y, 10.f),
+              "world position must account for parent rotation and scale");
+
+        parent.Destroy();
+        check(parent.IsBeingDestroyed() && child.IsBeingDestroyed(),
+              "destroying a parent must mark descendants");
+    }
+
+    void testSceneFindGameObject()
+    {
+        Scene& scene = SceneManager::GetInstance().CreateScene("find-object");
+        GameObject* pending = scene.CreateGameObject("pending");
+        check(scene.FindGameObject(pending->GetId()) == pending, "objects must be found while still pending");
+
+        scene.CommitPendingAdditions();
+        GameObject* committed = scene.CreateGameObject("committed");
+        scene.CommitPendingAdditions();
+        check(scene.FindGameObject(committed->GetId()) == committed, "committed objects must be found by id");
+        check(scene.FindGameObject(InvalidObjectId) == nullptr, "the invalid id must never match");
+
+        const ObjectId destroyedId = committed->GetId();
+        committed->Destroy();
+        check(scene.FindGameObject(destroyedId) == nullptr, "objects being destroyed must not be found");
+
+        SceneManager::GetInstance().Destroy();
+    }
+
+    void testEventMutation()
+    {
+        Event<int> event;
+        int calls = 0;
+        event.AddListener([&](int) { ++calls; });
+        event.AddListener([&](int) {
+            ++calls;
+            event.AddListener([&](int) { ++calls; });
+        });
+
+        event.Invoke(1);
+        check(calls == 2, "event mutation must not invalidate the current invocation");
+        event.Invoke(1);
+        check(calls == 5, "new event listeners must run on subsequent invocations");
+    }
+
+    void testEventRemoval()
+    {
+        Event<int> event;
+        std::unique_ptr<RemovingListener> victim;
+        RemovingListener remover{&victim};
+        victim = std::make_unique<RemovingListener>(nullptr);
+
+        event.AddListener(&remover, &RemovingListener::OnEvent);
+        event.AddListener(victim.get(), &RemovingListener::OnEvent);
+        event.Invoke(1);
+
+        check(remover.calls == 1, "event remover must run once");
+        check(victim == nullptr, "event listener must be removable during invocation");
+    }
+
+    void testComponentRemoval()
+    {
+        Scene& scene = SceneManager::GetInstance().CreateScene("component-removal");
+        GameObject* object = scene.CreateGameObject("object");
+        object->AddComponent<TestComponent>();
+        scene.CommitPendingAdditions();
+
+        check(object->GetComponent<TestComponent>() != nullptr,
+              "test component must be discoverable before removal");
+        check(object->DestroyComponent<TestComponent>() != nullptr,
+              "destroying a component must find it");
+        scene.CleanupDestroyedGameObjects();
+        check(object->GetComponent<TestComponent>() == nullptr,
+              "destroyed components must be removed at the scene boundary");
+
+        SceneManager::GetInstance().Destroy();
+    }
+
+    void testEngineComponentRegistration()
+    {
+        RegisterEngineComponents();
+
+        const char* canonicalNames[] = {
+            "MeshRendererComponent",
+            "LightComponent",
+            "Rotator",
+            "Spinner",
+            "OrbitAndSpin",
+            "Animator",
+            "Rigidbody",
+            "BoxCollider",
+            "SphereCollider",
+            "CapsuleCollider",
+            "Canvas",
+            "RectTransform",
+            "UIImage",
+            "UIText"
+        };
+        for (const char* name : canonicalNames) {
+            check(ComponentFactory::IsRegistered(name),
+                  "all canonical engine component names must be registered");
+        }
+
+        check(!ComponentFactory::IsRegistered("MeshRenderer"),
+              "MeshRenderer legacy alias must not be registered");
+        check(!ComponentFactory::IsRegistered("RigidBody"),
+              "RigidBody legacy alias must not be registered");
+    }
+
+    void testSceneCurrentCamera()
+    {
+        Scene& scene = SceneManager::GetInstance().CreateScene("cameras");
+        check(scene.GetCurrentCamera() == nullptr, "a scene without cameras must have no current camera");
+
+        GameObject* first = scene.CreateGameObject("first camera");
+        auto* firstCamera = first->AddComponent<CameraComponent>();
+        scene.CommitPendingAdditions();
+        check(scene.GetCurrentCamera() == firstCamera, "the only camera in a scene must be the current camera");
+
+        GameObject* second = scene.CreateGameObject("second camera");
+        auto* secondCamera = second->AddComponent<CameraComponent>();
+        secondCamera->SetFieldOfView(60.0f);
+        second->GetTransform().SetWorldPosition({1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f});
+        scene.CommitPendingAdditions();
+        secondCamera->MakeCurrent();
+        check(scene.GetCurrentCamera() == secondCamera && !firstCamera->IsCurrent(),
+              "the selected camera must be the current camera");
+
+        const Camera& camera = secondCamera->GetCamera(16.0f / 9.0f);
+        check(camera.GetPosition() == glm::vec3{1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f} &&
+              close(camera.GetForward().z, -1.0f) && camera.GetFOVY() == 60.0f,
+              "a camera component must place its camera at its transform, looking down -Z");
+
+        const auto path = std::filesystem::temp_directory_path() / "destrum_camera_scene_test.json";
+        check(SceneSerializer::Save(scene, path), "scene with cameras must save");
+        check(SceneSerializer::Load(scene, path), "scene with cameras must load");
+        std::filesystem::remove(path);
+
+        const CameraComponent* loadedCamera = scene.GetCurrentCamera();
+        check(loadedCamera != nullptr && loadedCamera->GetGameObject()->GetName() == "second camera" &&
+              loadedCamera->GetFieldOfView() == 60.0f,
+              "scene round-trip must preserve the current camera");
+
+        scene.GetCurrentCamera()->GetGameObject()->SetActive(false);
+        check(scene.GetCurrentCamera() != nullptr &&
+              scene.GetCurrentCamera()->GetGameObject()->GetName() == "first camera",
+              "an inactive current camera must fall back to another camera");
+
+        SceneManager::GetInstance().Destroy();
+    }
+
+    void testHierarchyMoves()
+    {
+        Scene& scene = SceneManager::GetInstance().CreateScene("hierarchy");
+        GameObject* parent = scene.CreateGameObject("parent");
+        GameObject* a = scene.CreateGameObject("a");
+        GameObject* b = scene.CreateGameObject("b");
+        GameObject* c = scene.CreateGameObject("c");
+        GameObject* other = scene.CreateGameObject("other");
+        for (GameObject* child : {a, b, c}) {
+            child->GetTransform().SetParent(&parent->GetTransform(), false);
+        }
+        scene.CommitPendingAdditions();
+
+        const auto childNames = [](const GameObject& object) {
+            std::string names;
+            for (const Transform* child : object.GetTransform().GetChildren()) {
+                names += child->GetOwner()->GetName();
+            }
+            return names;
+        };
+
+        check(scene.MoveInHierarchy(*c, parent, a) && childNames(*parent) == "cab",
+              "moving before a sibling must reorder the children");
+        check(scene.MoveInHierarchy(*c, parent) && childNames(*parent) == "abc",
+              "moving without a sibling must put the object last");
+        check(scene.MoveInHierarchy(*a, other) && childNames(*parent) == "bc" && childNames(*other) == "a",
+              "moving onto another object must reparent it");
+        check(!scene.MoveInHierarchy(*other, a) && a->GetTransform().GetParent() == &other->GetTransform(),
+              "an object must not be moved under its own child");
+        check(scene.MoveInHierarchy(*a, nullptr, parent) && a->GetTransform().GetParent() == nullptr &&
+              scene.GetObjects().front().get() == a,
+              "moving to the root must unparent and order the roots");
+        check(scene.MoveInHierarchy(*c, parent, b) && childNames(*parent) == "cb", "reordering must still work");
+
+        const auto path = std::filesystem::temp_directory_path() / "destrum_hierarchy_scene.json";
+        check(SceneSerializer::Save(scene, path), "the hierarchy scene must save");
+        Scene& copy = SceneManager::GetInstance().CreateScene("hierarchy copy");
+        check(SceneSerializer::Load(copy, path), "the hierarchy scene must load");
+        std::filesystem::remove(path);
+        copy.CommitPendingAdditions();
+        const GameObject* loadedParent = findByName(copy, "parent");
+        check(loadedParent != nullptr && childNames(*loadedParent) == "cb", "sibling order must survive a save");
+        check(copy.GetObjects().front()->GetName() == "a", "root order must survive a save");
+
+        SceneManager::GetInstance().Destroy();
+    }
+}
+
+void RunCoreTests()
+{
+    testTransforms();
+    testSceneFindGameObject();
+    testEventMutation();
+    testEventRemoval();
+    testComponentRemoval();
+    testEngineComponentRegistration();
+    testSceneCurrentCamera();
+    testHierarchyMoves();
+}

tests/gameplay_tests.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+#include <filesystem>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <string>
+
+#include <destrum/ObjectModel/Component.h>
+#include <destrum/ObjectModel/GameObject.h>
+#include <destrum/Scene/Scene.h>
+#include <destrum/Scene/SceneManager.h>
+#include <destrum/Serialization/ComponentFactory.h>
+#include <destrum/Serialization/GlmJson.h>
+#include <destrum/Serialization/PrefabCache.h>
+#include <destrum/Serialization/PrefabSerializer.h>
+#include <destrum/Serialization/SceneSerializer.h>
+#include <destrum/Components/Physics/CapsuleCollider.h>
+#include <destrum/Components/Physics/Collider.h>
+#include <destrum/Components/Physics/Rigidbody.h>
+
+#include <components/Activatable.h>
+#include <components/InteractableButton.h>
+#include <components/Checkpoint.h>
+#include <components/PlayerRespawn.h>
+#include <components/WinGoal.h>
+
+#include "TestUtils.h"
+
+using namespace test;
+
+namespace {
+    class TestActivatable final : public Activatable {
+    public:
+        explicit TestActivatable(GameObject& owner) : Activatable(owner, "TestActivatable") {}
+
+        std::string GetTypeName() const override { return "TestActivatable"; }
+
+        int activations{0};
+
+    protected:
+        void OnActivate(GameObject&) override { ++activations; }
+    };
+
+    void testButtonTargetsRoundTrip()
+    {
+        ComponentFactory::Register<InteractableButton>("InteractableButton");
+        ComponentFactory::Register<TestActivatable>("TestActivatable");
+
+        Scene& scene = SceneManager::GetInstance().CreateScene("button targets");
+        GameObject* door = scene.CreateGameObject("door");
+        door->AddComponent<TestActivatable>();
+        GameObject* lamp = scene.CreateGameObject("lamp");
+        lamp->AddComponent<TestActivatable>();
+        GameObject* buttonObject = scene.CreateGameObject("button");
+        auto* button = buttonObject->AddComponent<InteractableButton>();
+        button->SetCycleColors(false);
+        button->AddTarget(*door);
+        button->AddTarget(*lamp);
+        button->AddTarget(*door);
+        scene.CommitPendingAdditions();
+        check(button->GetTargets().size() == 2, "a button must not target the same object twice");
+
+        const auto path = std::filesystem::temp_directory_path() / "destrum_button_targets_scene.json";
+        check(SceneSerializer::Save(scene, path), "the button scene must save");
+        check(SceneSerializer::Load(scene, path), "the button scene must load");
+
+        Scene& copy = SceneManager::GetInstance().CreateScene("button targets copy");
+        check(SceneSerializer::Load(copy, path), "the button scene must load into a second scene");
+        std::filesystem::remove(path);
+
+        for (Scene* loaded : {&scene, &copy}) {
+            loaded->CommitPendingAdditions();
+            GameObject* loadedButton = findByName(*loaded, "button");
+            auto* loadedComponent = loadedButton != nullptr ? loadedButton->GetComponent<InteractableButton>() : nullptr;
+            check(loadedComponent != nullptr, "the button must survive a round-trip");
+
+            const auto& targets = loadedComponent->GetTargets();
+            check(targets.size() == 2, "button targets must survive a round-trip");
+            GameObject* loadedDoor = targets[0].Get(*loaded);
+            GameObject* loadedLamp = targets[1].Get(*loaded);
+            check(loadedDoor == findByName(*loaded, "door") && loadedDoor != nullptr &&
+                  loadedLamp == findByName(*loaded, "lamp") && loadedLamp != nullptr,
+                  "button targets must point at the loaded objects in their own scene");
+
+            loadedComponent->Interact(*loadedButton);
+            check(loadedDoor->GetComponent<TestActivatable>()->activations == 1 &&
+                  loadedLamp->GetComponent<TestActivatable>()->activations == 1,
+                  "pressing a loaded button must activate its targets");
+        }
+
+        SceneManager::GetInstance().Destroy();
+    }
+
+    void testButtonDropsMissingTargets()
+    {
+        ComponentFactory::Register<InteractableButton>("InteractableButton");
+
+        Scene& scene = SceneManager::GetInstance().CreateScene("missing targets");
+        const auto path = std::filesystem::temp_directory_path() / "destrum_missing_targets_scene.json";
+        std::ofstream{path}
+            << R"({"version":2,"objects":[{"id":5,"name":"button","components":)"
+               R"([{"type":"InteractableButton","data":{"cycleColors":false,"targets":[5,99]}}]}]})";
+
+        check(SceneSerializer::Load(scene, path), "a button with a dangling target must still load");
+        std::filesystem::remove(path);
+        scene.CommitPendingAdditions();
+
+        const GameObject* object = scene.GetObjects().front().get();
+        const auto* button = object->GetComponent<InteractableButton>();
+        check(button != nullptr && button->GetTargets().size() == 1 &&
+              button->GetTargets().front().GetId() == object->GetId(),
+              "dangling targets must be dropped and valid ones remapped");
+
+        SceneManager::GetInstance().Destroy();
+    }
+
+    GameObject* buildTurret(Scene& scene, const GameObject& door)
+    {
+        GameObject* turret = scene.CreateGameObject("turret");
+        turret->GetTransform().SetLocalPosition(glm::vec3{5.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f});
+        GameObject* barrel = scene.CreateGameObject("barrel");
+        barrel->GetTransform().SetParent(&turret->GetTransform(), false);
+        barrel->GetTransform().SetLocalPosition(glm::vec3{0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f});
+        barrel->AddComponent<TestActivatable>();
+
+        auto* button = turret->AddComponent<InteractableButton>();
+        button->SetCycleColors(false);
+        button->AddTarget(*barrel);
+        button->AddTarget(door);
+        return turret;
+    }
+
+    GameObject* onlyChild(GameObject& object)
+    {
+        const auto& children = object.GetTransform().GetChildren();
+        return children.size() == 1 ? children.front()->GetOwner() : nullptr;
+    }
+
+    void testPrefabRoundTrip()
+    {
+        ComponentFactory::Register<InteractableButton>("InteractableButton");
+        ComponentFactory::Register<TestActivatable>("TestActivatable");
+
+        Scene& source = SceneManager::GetInstance().CreateScene("prefab source");
+        GameObject* door = source.CreateGameObject("door");
+        door->AddComponent<TestActivatable>();
+        GameObject* turret = buildTurret(source, *door);
+        source.CommitPendingAdditions();
+
+        const auto path = std::filesystem::temp_directory_path() / "destrum_turret.prefab";
+        check(PrefabSerializer::Save(*turret, path), "a hierarchy must save as a prefab");
+
+        Scene& target = SceneManager::GetInstance().CreateScene("prefab target");
+        GameObject* holder = target.CreateGameObject("holder");
+        GameObject* first = PrefabSerializer::Instantiate(target, path.string());
+        GameObject* second = PrefabSerializer::Instantiate(target, path.string(), &holder->GetTransform());
+        target.CommitPendingAdditions();
+        check(first != nullptr && second != nullptr, "a saved prefab must instantiate");
+        check(target.GetObjects().size() == 5, "each instance must create the root and its child");
+        check(first != second && first->GetId() != turret->GetId(), "instances must get fresh objects");
+        check(first->GetName() == "turret" && first->GetTransform().GetParent() == nullptr,
+              "an instance without a parent must be a scene root");
+        check(second->GetTransform().GetParent() == &holder->GetTransform(),
+              "an instance must be parented to the given transform");
+        check(close(first->GetTransform().GetLocalPosition().x, 5.0f),
+              "the root transform must come from the prefab");
+
+        for (GameObject* instance : {first, second}) {
+            GameObject* barrel = onlyChild(*instance);
+            check(barrel != nullptr && barrel->GetName() == "barrel" &&
+                  close(barrel->GetTransform().GetLocalPosition().y, 1.0f),
+                  "prefab children must keep their local transform");
+
+            const auto* button = instance->GetComponent<InteractableButton>();
+            check(button != nullptr && button->GetTargets().size() == 1 &&
+                  button->GetTargets().front().Get(target) == barrel,
+                  "references inside the prefab must point at the instance's own objects, outside ones are dropped");
+        }
+
+        check(PrefabCache::GetInstance().Get(path.string()) == PrefabCache::GetInstance().Get(path.string()),
+              "a cached prefab must be parsed once");
+        const auto before = PrefabCache::GetInstance().Get(path.string());
+        turret->SetName("tower");
+        check(PrefabSerializer::Save(*turret, path), "a prefab must save over an existing file");
+        const auto after = PrefabCache::GetInstance().Get(path.string());
+        check(after != before && after->at("name") == "tower", "saving a prefab must refresh the cache");
+
+        std::filesystem::remove(path);
+        check(PrefabSerializer::Instantiate(target, path.string()) == nullptr,
+              "instantiating a missing prefab must fail");
+
+        PrefabCache::GetInstance().Clear();
+        SceneManager::GetInstance().Destroy();
+    }
+
+    void testPrefabDuplicate()
+    {
+        ComponentFactory::Register<InteractableButton>("InteractableButton");
+        ComponentFactory::Register<TestActivatable>("TestActivatable");
+
+        Scene& scene = SceneManager::GetInstance().CreateScene("duplicate");
+        GameObject* door = scene.CreateGameObject("door");
+        door->AddComponent<TestActivatable>();
+        GameObject* holder = scene.CreateGameObject("holder");
+        GameObject* turret = buildTurret(scene, *door);
+        turret->GetTransform().SetParent(&holder->GetTransform(), false);
+
+        GameObject* copy = PrefabSerializer::Duplicate(*turret);
+        scene.CommitPendingAdditions();
+        check(copy != nullptr && copy != turret && copy->GetName() == "turret",
+              "duplicate must create a new object");
+        check(copy->GetTransform().GetParent() == &holder->GetTransform(),
+              "a duplicate must keep the original's parent");
+
+        GameObject* barrel = onlyChild(*copy);
+        check(barrel != nullptr && barrel != onlyChild(*turret), "a duplicate must copy children");
+
+        const auto* button = copy->GetComponent<InteractableButton>();
+        check(button != nullptr && button->GetTargets().size() == 2 &&
+              button->GetTargets()[0].Get(scene) == barrel &&
+              button->GetTargets()[1].Get(scene) == door,
+              "a duplicate must remap inner references and keep outer ones");
+
+        SceneManager::GetInstance().Destroy();
+    }
+
+    void testPrefabValidation()
+    {
+        using nlohmann::json;
+        check(PrefabSerializer::Validate(json::object()).has_value(), "an empty prefab must be rejected");
+
+        const json twoRoots = json::parse(R"({"version":1,"objects":[{"id":1},{"id":2}]})");
+        check(PrefabSerializer::Validate(twoRoots).has_value(), "a prefab with two roots must be rejected");
+
+        const json childFirst = json::parse(R"({"version":1,"objects":[{"id":2,"parent":1},{"id":1}]})");
+        check(PrefabSerializer::Validate(childFirst).has_value(), "the prefab root must come first");
+
+        const json valid = json::parse(R"({"version":1,"objects":[{"id":1},{"id":2,"parent":1}]})");
+        check(!PrefabSerializer::Validate(valid).has_value(), "a single-root prefab must validate");
+
+        const json future = json::parse(R"({"version":99,"objects":[{"id":1}]})");
+        check(PrefabSerializer::Validate(future).has_value(), "an unknown prefab version must be rejected");
+    }
+
+    void testWinGoalButton()
+    {
+        ComponentFactory::Register<InteractableButton>("InteractableButton");
+        ComponentFactory::Register<WinGoal>("WinGoal");
+
+        Scene& scene = SceneManager::GetInstance().CreateScene("win goal");
+        GameObject* goal = scene.CreateGameObject("goal");
+        auto* winGoal = goal->AddComponent<WinGoal>();
+        GameObject* buttonObject = scene.CreateGameObject("button");
+        auto* button = buttonObject->AddComponent<InteractableButton>();
+        button->SetCycleColors(false);
+        button->AddTarget(*goal);
+        scene.CommitPendingAdditions();
+
+        check(!winGoal->IsReached(), "the goal must start unreached");
+        button->Interact(*buttonObject);
+        check(winGoal->IsReached(), "pressing the win button must reach the goal");
+
+        const auto path = std::filesystem::temp_directory_path() / "destrum_win_goal_scene.json";
+        check(SceneSerializer::Save(scene, path), "the win goal scene must save");
+        check(SceneSerializer::Load(scene, path), "the win goal scene must load");
+        std::filesystem::remove(path);
+        scene.CommitPendingAdditions();
+        const GameObject* loadedGoal = findByName(scene, "goal");
+        check(loadedGoal != nullptr && loadedGoal->GetComponent<WinGoal>()->IsReached(),
+              "a reached goal must stay reached after a round-trip");
+
+        SceneManager::GetInstance().Destroy();
+    }
+
+    void testCheckpointRespawn()
+    {
+        Scene& scene = SceneManager::GetInstance().CreateScene("respawn");
+        GameObject* player = scene.CreateGameObject("player");
+        player->GetTransform().SetWorldPosition(glm::vec3{1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f});
+        player->AddComponent<CapsuleCollider>(0.4f, 1.8f);
+        auto* rigidbody = player->AddComponent<Rigidbody>();
+        auto* respawn = player->AddComponent<PlayerRespawn>();
+        respawn->SetKillHeight(-10.0f);
+
+        GameObject* checkpointObject = scene.CreateGameObject("checkpoint");
+        checkpointObject->GetTransform().SetWorldPosition(glm::vec3{-5.0f, 4.0f, 0.0f});
+        auto* checkpoint = checkpointObject->AddComponent<Checkpoint>();
+        checkpoint->SetSpawnOffset({0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f});
+        scene.CommitPendingAdditions();
+        check(rigidbody->HasPhysicsBody(), "the player must have a physics body");
+
+        respawn->Start();
+        check(respawn->GetRespawnPoint() == glm::vec3(1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f),
+              "the respawn point must default to where the player starts");
+
+        checkpoint->OnTriggerEnter(checkpointObject);
+        check(respawn->GetRespawnPoint() == glm::vec3(1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f),
+              "a checkpoint must ignore objects without PlayerRespawn");
+        checkpoint->OnTriggerEnter(player);
+        check(respawn->GetRespawnPoint() == glm::vec3(-5.0f, 4.5f, 0.0f),
+              "touching a checkpoint must move the respawn point");
+
+        rigidbody->Teleport(glm::vec3{0.0f, -20.0f, 0.0f});
+        rigidbody->SetLinearVelocity(glm::vec3{0.0f, -30.0f, 0.0f});
+        respawn->FixedUpdate(1.0f / 60.0f);
+        const glm::vec3 position = player->GetTransform().GetWorldPosition();
+        check(close(position.x, -5.0f) && close(position.y, 4.5f) && close(position.z, 0.0f),
+              "falling below the kill height must respawn at the checkpoint");
+        check(glm::length(rigidbody->GetLinearVelocity()) < 0.001f, "respawning must stop the fall");
+
+        scene.GetPhysics().FixedUpdate(1.0f / 60.0f);
+        check(player->GetTransform().GetWorldPosition().y > 4.0f,
+              "the physics body must have moved with the teleport");
+
+        SceneManager::GetInstance().Destroy();
+    }
+}
+
+void RunGameplayTests()
+{
+    testButtonTargetsRoundTrip();
+    testButtonDropsMissingTargets();
+    testPrefabRoundTrip();
+    testPrefabDuplicate();
+    testPrefabValidation();
+    testWinGoalButton();
+    testCheckpointRespawn();
+}

tests/graphics_tests.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,362 @@
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <filesystem>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <glm/gtc/constants.hpp>
+#include <destrum/ObjectModel/Component.h>
+#include <destrum/ObjectModel/GameObject.h>
+#include <destrum/Components/Physics/CapsuleCollider.h>
+#include <destrum/Components/Physics/Collider.h>
+#include <destrum/Graphics/Resources/PrimitiveMeshes.h>
+#include <destrum/Graphics/Managers/Renderer2D.h>
+#include <destrum/Graphics/Resources/Font.h>
+#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
+#include <destrum/Graphics/Frustum.h>
+#include <destrum/Graphics/Material.h>
+#include <destrum/Graphics/Managers/LineRenderingManager.h>
+#include <destrum/Graphics/DeletionQueue.h>
+#include <destrum/Graphics/IndirectDrawList.h>
+
+#include "TestUtils.h"
+
+using namespace test;
+
+namespace {
+    void testLineRenderingManager()
+    {
+        auto& lineManager = LineRenderingManager::GetInstance();
+        lineManager.ClearLines();
+
+        lineManager.SubmitLine(
+            glm::vec3{0.0f},
+            glm::vec3{1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},
+            glm::vec4{1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f});
+        lineManager.SubmitLine(Line{
+            .start = glm::vec3{1.0f},
+            .end = glm::vec3{2.0f},
+            .color = glm::vec4{0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f},
+        });
+
+        check(lineManager.GetLines().size() == 2,
+              "line rendering manager must retain submitted lines");
+
+        lineManager.ClearLines();
+        check(lineManager.GetLines().empty(),
+              "line rendering manager must clear transient lines");
+    }
+
+    void testFrustumFromViewProj()
+    {
+        const auto lookingAlongPositiveZ = [](const glm::vec3& position, float range) {
+            const glm::mat4 view = glm::lookAt(position, position + glm::vec3{0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}, glm::vec3{0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f});
+            return glm::perspectiveRH_ZO(glm::radians(60.0f), 1.0f, 0.1f, range) * view;
+        };
+
+        const glm::mat4 viewProj = lookingAlongPositiveZ(glm::vec3{0.0f}, 20.0f);
+        const Frustum frustum = edge::createFrustumFromViewProj(viewProj);
+
+        check(edge::isInFrustum(frustum, Sphere{{0.0f, 0.0f, 10.0f}, 0.5f}), "a sphere in front must be inside");
+        check(!edge::isInFrustum(frustum, Sphere{{0.0f, 0.0f, -5.0f}, 0.5f}), "a sphere behind must be outside");
+        check(!edge::isInFrustum(frustum, Sphere{{0.0f, 0.0f, 30.0f}, 0.5f}), "a sphere past the far plane must be outside");
+        check(!edge::isInFrustum(frustum, Sphere{{15.0f, 0.0f, 10.0f}, 0.5f}), "a sphere to the side must be outside");
+
+        const auto corners = edge::calculateFrustumCorners(viewProj);
+        const bool cornersOnNearAndFar = std::ranges::all_of(corners, [](const glm::vec3& corner) {
+            return std::abs(corner.z - 0.1f) < 0.001f || std::abs(corner.z - 20.0f) < 0.01f;
+        });
+        check(cornersOnNearAndFar, "frustum corners must lie on the near and far planes");
+
+        check(edge::frustumsOverlap(frustum, lookingAlongPositiveZ(glm::vec3{0.0f, 0.0f, 5.0f}, 10.0f)),
+              "a frustum in front of the camera must overlap");
+        check(!edge::frustumsOverlap(frustum, lookingAlongPositiveZ(glm::vec3{0.0f, 0.0f, -30.0f}, 10.0f)),
+              "a frustum entirely behind the camera must not overlap");
+    }
+
+    void testRenderer2DShapes()
+    {
+        auto& r2d = Renderer2D::GetInstance();
+        r2d.Clear();
+
+        r2d.DrawRect({10.0f, 20.0f}, {30.0f, 40.0f}, glm::vec4{0.5f});
+        const Shape2D& rect = r2d.GetShapes().back();
+        check(rect.type == Shape2DType::Rect &&
+              rect.center == glm::vec2{25.0f, 40.0f} &&
+              rect.halfSize == glm::vec2{15.0f, 20.0f} &&
+              rect.textureId == NULL_IMAGE_ID &&
+              rect.outline == 0.0f,
+              "rects must be anchored at their top left corner and filled by default");
+
+        r2d.DrawEllipseOutline({50.0f, 50.0f}, {20.0f, 10.0f}, 2.0f, glm::vec4{1.0f});
+        const Shape2D& ellipse = r2d.GetShapes().back();
+        check(ellipse.type == Shape2DType::Ellipse &&
+              ellipse.center == glm::vec2{50.0f} &&
+              ellipse.halfSize == glm::vec2{20.0f, 10.0f} &&
+              ellipse.outline == 2.0f,
+              "ellipses must be centered with their radii as half size");
+
+        r2d.DrawTriangle({0.0f, 10.0f}, {5.0f, 0.0f}, {10.0f, 10.0f}, glm::vec4{1.0f});
+        const Shape2D& triangle = r2d.GetShapes().back();
+        check(triangle.type == Shape2DType::Triangle &&
+              triangle.center == glm::vec2{5.0f} &&
+              triangle.halfSize == glm::vec2{5.0f} &&
+              triangle.p0 == glm::vec2{-5.0f, 5.0f} &&
+              triangle.p1 == glm::vec2{0.0f, -5.0f} &&
+              triangle.p2 == glm::vec2{5.0f, 5.0f},
+              "triangle points must be stored relative to their bounding box center");
+
+        r2d.DrawLine({0.0f, 0.0f}, {0.0f, 10.0f}, 4.0f, glm::vec4{1.0f}, LineCap::Round);
+        const Shape2D& line = r2d.GetShapes().back();
+        check(line.type == Shape2DType::Rect &&
+              line.center == glm::vec2{0.0f, 5.0f} &&
+              close(line.halfSize.x, 7.0f) && close(line.halfSize.y, 2.0f) &&
+              close(line.rotation, glm::half_pi<float>()) &&
+              close(line.cornerRadius, 2.0f),
+              "round capped lines must be rotated rects extended by half their thickness");
+
+        check(r2d.GetShapes().size() == 4, "every draw call must submit exactly one shape");
+        r2d.Clear();
+        check(r2d.GetShapes().empty(), "clear must drop all submitted shapes");
+    }
+
+    void testFontAtlasAndLayout()
+    {
+        const std::filesystem::path fontPath =
+            std::filesystem::path{DESTRUM_ENGINE_ASSETS_SRC_DIR} / "fonts" / "Roboto-Medium.ttf";
+        const Font font = Font::LoadFromFile(fontPath, 32.0f);
+
+        const FontGlyph* a = font.GetGlyph(U'A');
+        const FontGlyph* space = font.GetGlyph(U' ');
+        check(a != nullptr && a->size.x > 0.0f && a->size.y > 0.0f && a->advance > 0.0f &&
+              a->uvMax.x > a->uvMin.x && a->uvMax.y > a->uvMin.y,
+              "printable glyphs must be rasterized into the atlas");
+        check(space != nullptr && space->size == glm::vec2{0.0f} && space->advance > 0.0f,
+              "spaces must only advance the pen");
+        check(font.GetGlyph(U'中') == font.GetGlyph(U'?'), "missing glyphs must fall back to '?'");
+
+        const auto& pixels = font.GetAtlasPixels();
+        const auto [minIt, maxIt] = std::minmax_element(pixels.begin(), pixels.end());
+        check(!pixels.empty() && *minIt < 128 && *maxIt > 128,
+              "the atlas must hold a signed distance field with the edge at 128");
+
+        const glm::vec2 one = font.MeasureText("A", 64.0f);
+        const glm::vec2 two = font.MeasureText("A\nAA", 64.0f);
+        check(close(one.x, a->advance * 2.0f) && close(one.y, font.GetLineHeight() * 2.0f),
+              "text must be measured at the requested size");
+        check(close(two.x, (a->advance * 2.0f + font.GetKerning(U'A', U'A')) * 2.0f) &&
+              close(two.y, one.y * 2.0f),
+              "multi line text must measure its widest line and every line");
+
+        std::vector<PlacedGlyph> placed;
+        font.Layout("A b", {100.0f, 50.0f}, 32.0f, [&](const PlacedGlyph& glyph) { placed.push_back(glyph); });
+        check(placed.size() == 2 && placed[0].glyph == a &&
+              close(placed[0].topLeft.x, 100.0f + a->offset.x) &&
+              close(placed[0].topLeft.y, 50.0f + font.GetAscender() + a->offset.y),
+              "layout must skip spaces and start on the baseline below the top left");
+
+        const std::string_view utf8 = "\xC3\xA9\xFF";
+        std::size_t index = 0;
+        check(Font::DecodeUtf8(utf8, index) == U'é' && index == 2, "utf8 must decode two byte sequences");
+        check(Font::DecodeUtf8(utf8, index) == 0xFFFD && index == 3, "invalid utf8 must decode to U+FFFD");
+
+        auto& r2d = Renderer2D::GetInstance();
+        r2d.Clear();
+        r2d.DrawText(font, "not uploaded", {0.0f, 0.0f}, 16.0f, glm::vec4{1.0f});
+        check(r2d.GetShapes().empty(), "text must not be drawn before the font atlas is uploaded");
+    }
+
+    void testCapsuleColliderDebugLines()
+    {
+        GameObject object{"capsule"};
+        object.GetTransform().SetWorldPosition({1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f});
+        object.GetTransform().SetWorldScale(glm::vec3{5.0f});
+        auto* capsule = object.AddComponent<CapsuleCollider>(0.4f, 1.8f);
+        capsule->SetCenterOffset({0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f});
+
+        auto& lines = LineRenderingManager::GetInstance();
+        lines.ClearLines();
+        capsule->DrawDebugLines(glm::vec4{1.0f});
+
+        const glm::vec3 center{1.0f, 2.5f, 3.0f};
+        float top = -1000.0f;
+        float bottom = 1000.0f;
+        bool inside = true;
+        for (const Line& line : lines.GetLines()) {
+            for (const glm::vec3& point : {line.start, line.end}) {
+                const glm::vec3 local = point - center;
+                top = std::max(top, local.y);
+                bottom = std::min(bottom, local.y);
+                inside = inside && glm::length(glm::vec2{local.x, local.z}) <= 0.4f + 0.001f;
+            }
+        }
+        lines.ClearLines();
+
+        check(inside && close(top, 0.9f) && close(bottom, -0.9f),
+              "capsule debug lines must match the collider shape in world units, ignoring the object scale");
+    }
+
+    void testPrimitiveBoxMesh()
+    {
+        const glm::vec3 size{4.0f, 1.0f, 2.0f};
+        const CPUMesh box = PrimitiveMeshes::MakeBox(size);
+
+        check(box.vertices.size() == 24 && box.indices.size() == 36, "a box must have 6 faces of 2 triangles");
+        check(box.minPos == -size * 0.5f && box.maxPos == size * 0.5f, "a box must be centered on the origin");
+
+        float maxU = 0.0f;
+        bool outward = true;
+        for (const auto& vertex : box.vertices) {
+            if (vertex.normal == glm::vec3{0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}) {
+                maxU = std::max(maxU, vertex.uv_x);
+            }
+            outward = outward && glm::dot(vertex.position, vertex.normal) > 0.0f;
+        }
+        check(close(maxU, size.x), "box uvs must be in meters so textures tile at the same size");
+        check(outward, "box normals must point away from the center");
+
+        bool counterClockwise = true;
+        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < box.indices.size(); i += 3) {
+            const auto& a = box.vertices[box.indices[i]];
+            const auto& b = box.vertices[box.indices[i + 1]];
+            const auto& c = box.vertices[box.indices[i + 2]];
+            const glm::vec3 faceNormal = glm::cross(b.position - a.position, c.position - a.position);
+            counterClockwise = counterClockwise && glm::dot(faceNormal, a.normal) > 0.0f;
+        }
+        check(counterClockwise, "box triangles must be counter clockwise seen from outside");
+    }
+
+    void testSimpleColorMaterial()
+    {
+        const auto material = Material::SimpleColor(
+            glm::vec3{0.2f, 0.4f, 0.8f},
+            "blue material");
+
+        check(material.baseColor == glm::vec3{0.2f, 0.4f, 0.8f},
+              "simple materials must preserve their color");
+        check(material.metallicFactor == 0.0f &&
+              material.roughnessFactor == 1.0f &&
+              material.emissiveColor == glm::vec3{0.0f},
+              "simple materials must use non-metallic default factors");
+        check(material.diffuseTexture == NULL_IMAGE_ID,
+              "simple materials must not require a diffuse image");
+        check(material.name == "blue material",
+              "simple materials must preserve their optional name");
+    }
+
+    void testPrimitiveMeshKeys()
+    {
+        const glm::vec3 size{0.35f, 0.12f, 3.0f};
+        const std::string key = PrimitiveMeshes::BoxKey(size);
+        check(PrimitiveMeshes::IsPrimitiveKey(key), "box keys must be primitive keys");
+        check(PrimitiveMeshes::MakeBox(size).name == key, "boxes must be named by their key");
+
+        const auto rebuilt = PrimitiveMeshes::MakeFromKey(key + "#3");
+        check(rebuilt.has_value() && rebuilt->maxPos == size * 0.5f,
+              "a box must rebuild exactly from its key, ignoring the duplicate suffix");
+        check(PrimitiveMeshes::StripDuplicateSuffix("BulbMaterial#12") == "BulbMaterial" &&
+              PrimitiveMeshes::StripDuplicateSuffix("game://a.glb#mesh") == "game://a.glb#mesh",
+              "only numeric duplicate suffixes must be stripped");
+        check(!PrimitiveMeshes::MakeFromKey("prim://box?size=1,2").has_value() &&
+              !PrimitiveMeshes::MakeFromKey("prim://box?size=1,-2,3").has_value() &&
+              !PrimitiveMeshes::MakeFromKey("Box").has_value(),
+              "invalid primitive keys must not build a mesh");
+    }
+
+    void testIndirectDrawListBatchesByMesh()
+    {
+        std::vector<GPUMesh> meshes(2);
+        meshes[0].numIndices = 36;
+        meshes[0].firstIndex = 0;
+        meshes[0].vertexBuffer.address = 0x1000;
+        meshes[1].numIndices = 6;
+        meshes[1].firstIndex = 36;
+        meshes[1].vertexBuffer.address = 0x2000;
+
+        SkinnedMesh skinned;
+        skinned.skinnedVertexBuffer.address = 0x3000;
+
+        const auto makeDraw = [](MeshID mesh, MaterialID material, glm::vec3 position) {
+            MeshDrawCommand dc;
+            dc.meshId = mesh;
+            dc.materialId = material;
+            dc.transformMatrix = glm::translate(glm::mat4{1.0f}, position);
+            dc.worldBoundingSphere = Sphere{position, 0.5f};
+            return dc;
+        };
+
+        std::vector<MeshDrawCommand> draws{
+            makeDraw(0, 1, {0.0f, 0.0f, 5.0f}),
+            makeDraw(1, 2, {1.0f, 0.0f, 5.0f}),
+            makeDraw(0, 3, {-1.0f, 0.0f, 5.0f}),
+            makeDraw(0, 4, {0.0f, 1.0f, 5.0f}),
+            makeDraw(1, 2, {0.0f, 0.0f, -50.0f}),
+        };
+        draws[2].skinnedMesh = &skinned;
+        draws[3].castShadow = false;
+        const std::vector<std::size_t> sorted{0, 2, 3, 1, 4};
+
+        const glm::mat4 view = glm::lookAt(glm::vec3{0.0f}, glm::vec3{0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}, glm::vec3{0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f});
+        const Frustum frustum = edge::createFrustumFromViewProj(
+            glm::perspectiveRH_ZO(glm::radians(90.0f), 1.0f, 0.1f, 20.0f) * view);
+
+        IndirectDrawList list;
+        list.begin(0);
+        const auto camera = list.addView(meshes, draws, sorted, frustum, IndirectDrawList::Filter::All);
+        const auto shadow = list.addView(meshes, draws, sorted, frustum, IndirectDrawList::Filter::ShadowCasters);
+
+        const auto& commands = list.getCommands();
+        const auto& instances = list.getInstances();
+
+        check(camera.firstCommand == 0 && camera.commandCount == 2 && camera.instanceCount == 4,
+              "a view must merge draws of the same mesh into one command and cull the rest");
+        check(commands[0].indexCount == 36 && commands[0].firstIndex == 0 && commands[0].instanceCount == 3 &&
+                  commands[0].firstInstance == 0,
+              "the first batch must cover the three visible draws of mesh 0");
+        check(commands[1].indexCount == 6 && commands[1].firstIndex == 36 && commands[1].instanceCount == 1 &&
+                  commands[1].firstInstance == 3,
+              "the second batch must start after the first batch's instances");
+        check(instances[0].materialId == 1 && instances[1].materialId == 3 && instances[2].materialId == 4,
+              "materials must be per instance so they don't split batches");
+        check(instances[0].vertexBuffer == 0x1000 && instances[1].vertexBuffer == 0x3000,
+              "skinned draws must point at their own skinned vertex buffer");
+
+        check(shadow.firstCommand == 2 && shadow.commandCount == 2 && shadow.instanceCount == 3,
+              "the shadow view must skip non-casters and get its own command range");
+        check(commands[2].instanceCount == 2 && commands[2].firstInstance == 4,
+              "shadow instances must follow the camera view's instances");
+    }
+
+    void testDeletionQueueWaitsForFrame()
+    {
+        DeletionQueue queue;
+        std::vector<int> deleted;
+        queue.push(3, [&] { deleted.push_back(1); });
+        queue.push(3, [&] { deleted.push_back(2); });
+        queue.push(5, [&] { deleted.push_back(3); });
+
+        queue.flush(2);
+        check(deleted.empty(), "resources retired in frame 3 must survive until frame 3 completes");
+
+        queue.flush(3);
+        check(deleted == std::vector<int>{1, 2}, "deleters must run in retirement order once their frame completes");
+        check(queue.size() == 1, "later frames must stay queued");
+
+        queue.flushAll();
+        check(deleted.size() == 3 && queue.empty(), "flushAll must run every pending deleter");
+    }
+}
+
+void RunGraphicsTests()
+{
+    testLineRenderingManager();
+    testFrustumFromViewProj();
+    testRenderer2DShapes();
+    testFontAtlasAndLayout();
+    testCapsuleColliderDebugLines();
+    testPrimitiveBoxMesh();
+    testSimpleColorMaterial();
+    testPrimitiveMeshKeys();
+    testDeletionQueueWaitsForFrame();
+    testIndirectDrawListBatchesByMesh();
+}

tests/main.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <iostream>
+
+void RunCoreTests();
+void RunSerializationTests();
+void RunPhysicsTests();
+void RunAssetsTests();
+void RunGraphicsTests();
+void RunUiTests();
+void RunGameplayTests();
+
+namespace {
+    struct Suite {
+        const char* name;
+        void (*run)();
+    };
+
+    constexpr Suite suites[] = {
+        {"core", RunCoreTests},
+        {"serialization", RunSerializationTests},
+        {"physics", RunPhysicsTests},
+        {"assets", RunAssetsTests},
+        {"graphics", RunGraphicsTests},
+        {"ui", RunUiTests},
+        {"gameplay", RunGameplayTests},
+    };
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char* argv[])
+{
+    const char* only = argc > 1 ? argv[1] : nullptr;
+    bool ranAny = false;
+
+    for (const Suite& suite : suites) {
+        if (only != nullptr && std::strcmp(only, suite.name) != 0) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        suite.run();
+        ranAny = true;
+        std::cout << suite.name << " tests passed\n";
+    }
+
+    if (!ranAny) {
+        std::cerr << "unknown test suite: " << only << '\n';
+        return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    }
+    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}

tests/physics_tests.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,372 @@
+#include <cmath>
+#include <string>
+
+#include <destrum/ObjectModel/Component.h>
+#include <destrum/ObjectModel/GameObject.h>
+#include <destrum/Scene/Scene.h>
+#include <destrum/Scene/SceneManager.h>
+#include <destrum/Physics/JoltPhysicsWorld.h>
+#include <destrum/Components/Physics/SphereCollider.h>
+#include <destrum/Components/Physics/BoxCollider.h>
+#include <destrum/Components/Physics/CapsuleCollider.h>
+#include <destrum/Components/Physics/Collider.h>
+#include <destrum/Components/LightComponent.h>
+#include <destrum/Components/Physics/Rigidbody.h>
+
+#include "TestUtils.h"
+
+using namespace test;
+
+namespace {
+    void testPhysicsWorldUnits()
+    {
+        JoltPhysicsWorld world{{
+            .workerThreadCount = 1,
+            .gravity = glm::vec3{0.0f}
+        }};
+        GameObject object{"scaled-physics"};
+        object.GetTransform().SetLocalScale(glm::vec3{0.5f});
+        object.AddComponent<SphereCollider>(1.0f);
+        Rigidbody* rigidbody = object.AddComponent<Rigidbody>();
+        world.RegisterRigidbody(*rigidbody);
+
+        PhysicsRaycastHit hit;
+        check(world.Raycast({-2.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}, 5.0f, hit),
+              "scaled physics bodies must remain raycastable");
+        check(close(hit.distance, 1.0f),
+              "physics collider dimensions must remain in world units");
+
+        object.GetTransform().SetLocalPosition({10.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f});
+        world.RefreshRigidbody(*rigidbody);
+        check(world.Raycast({8.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}, 5.0f, hit),
+              "refreshing a physics body must use the current transform position");
+        check(close(hit.distance, 1.0f),
+              "refreshed physics bodies must remain aligned with rendered transforms");
+    }
+
+    void testJoltSphereCollisions()
+    {
+        JoltPhysicsWorld world{{
+            .workerThreadCount = 1,
+            .gravity = {0.0f, -9.81f, 0.0f}
+        }};
+
+        GameObject floor{"floor"};
+        floor.GetTransform().SetLocalPosition({0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f});
+        floor.AddComponent<BoxCollider>(glm::vec3{10.0f, 0.5f, 10.0f});
+        auto* floorBody = floor.AddComponent<Rigidbody>();
+        floorBody->SetType(RigidbodyType::Static);
+        world.RegisterRigidbody(*floorBody);
+
+        GameObject first{"first"};
+        first.AddComponent<SphereCollider>(1.5f);
+        auto* firstBody = first.AddComponent<Rigidbody>();
+        world.RegisterRigidbody(*firstBody);
+        first.GetTransform().SetLocalPosition({0.0f, 100.0f, 0.0f});
+        first.GetTransform().SetLocalScale(glm::vec3{0.015f});
+        world.RefreshRigidbody(*firstBody);
+
+        GameObject second{"second"};
+        second.AddComponent<SphereCollider>(1.5f);
+        auto* secondBody = second.AddComponent<Rigidbody>();
+        world.RegisterRigidbody(*secondBody);
+        second.GetTransform().SetLocalPosition({0.0f, 100.0f, 0.0f});
+        second.GetTransform().SetLocalScale(glm::vec3{0.015f});
+        world.RefreshRigidbody(*secondBody);
+
+        for (int step = 0; step < 240; ++step) {
+            world.Step(1.0f / 60.0f);
+            world.SyncDynamicBodiesToTransforms();
+        }
+
+        check(first.GetTransform().GetWorldPosition().y > 0.8f &&
+              second.GetTransform().GetWorldPosition().y > 0.8f,
+              "Jolt spheres must collide with the ground plane");
+        check(glm::distance(first.GetTransform().GetWorldPosition(),
+                            second.GetTransform().GetWorldPosition()) > 2.5f,
+              "Jolt spheres must collide with one another instead of occupying the same point");
+    }
+
+    void testSceneJoltSphereCollisions()
+    {
+        Scene& scene = SceneManager::GetInstance().CreateScene("scene-physics");
+
+        GameObject* floor = scene.CreateGameObject("floor");
+        floor->GetTransform().SetLocalPosition({0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f});
+        floor->AddComponent<BoxCollider>(glm::vec3{10.0f, 0.5f, 10.0f});
+        auto* floorBody = floor->AddComponent<Rigidbody>();
+        floorBody->SetType(RigidbodyType::Static);
+
+        GameObject* first = scene.CreateGameObject("first");
+        first->AddComponent<SphereCollider>(1.5f);
+        first->AddComponent<Rigidbody>();
+        first->GetTransform().SetWorldPosition({0.0f, 100.0f, 0.0f});
+        first->GetTransform().SetWorldScale(glm::vec3{0.015f});
+
+        GameObject* second = scene.CreateGameObject("second");
+        second->AddComponent<SphereCollider>(1.5f);
+        second->AddComponent<Rigidbody>();
+        second->GetTransform().SetWorldPosition({0.0f, 100.0f, 0.0f});
+        second->GetTransform().SetWorldScale(glm::vec3{0.015f});
+
+        scene.CommitPendingAdditions();
+        scene.GetPhysics().RefreshGameObject(*first);
+        scene.GetPhysics().RefreshGameObject(*second);
+
+        for (int step = 0; step < 240; ++step) {
+            scene.FixedUpdate(1.0f / 60.0f);
+        }
+
+        check(first->GetTransform().GetWorldPosition().y > 0.8f &&
+              second->GetTransform().GetWorldPosition().y > 0.8f,
+              "scene physics spheres must collide with the ground plane");
+        check(glm::distance(first->GetTransform().GetWorldPosition(),
+                            second->GetTransform().GetWorldPosition()) > 2.5f,
+              "scene physics spheres must not overlap after settling");
+
+        SceneManager::GetInstance().Destroy();
+    }
+
+    class TriggerCounter final : public Component {
+    public:
+        explicit TriggerCounter(GameObject& parent)
+            : Component(parent, "TriggerCounter") {}
+
+        std::string GetTypeName() const override { return "TriggerCounter"; }
+        void OnTriggerEnter(GameObject*) override { ++enters; }
+        void OnTriggerExit(GameObject*) override { ++exits; }
+
+        int enters{0};
+        int exits{0};
+    };
+
+    void testNonPhysicsChangesKeepBodies()
+    {
+        Scene& scene = SceneManager::GetInstance().CreateScene("physics-refresh");
+
+        GameObject* trigger = scene.CreateGameObject("trigger");
+        trigger->AddComponent<BoxCollider>(glm::vec3{3.0f})->SetTrigger(true);
+        trigger->AddComponent<Rigidbody>()->SetType(RigidbodyType::Static);
+        auto* counter = trigger->AddComponent<TriggerCounter>();
+
+        GameObject* crate = scene.CreateGameObject("crate");
+        crate->AddComponent<BoxCollider>(glm::vec3{0.5f});
+        auto* crateBody = crate->AddComponent<Rigidbody>();
+        crateBody->SetUseGravity(false);
+        crateBody->SetAllowSleep(false);
+
+        GameObject* lamp = scene.CreateGameObject("lamp");
+        auto* light = lamp->AddComponent<LightComponent>();
+
+        scene.CommitPendingAdditions();
+        scene.GetPhysics().RefreshGameObject(*trigger);
+        scene.GetPhysics().RefreshGameObject(*crate);
+
+        const auto step = [&scene] {
+            for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
+                scene.FixedUpdate(1.0f / 60.0f);
+            }
+        };
+        step();
+        check(counter->enters == 1 && counter->exits == 0, "a body inside a trigger must enter it once");
+
+        light->SetEnabled(false);
+        light->SetEnabled(true);
+        crate->AddComponent<LightComponent>()->SetEnabled(false);
+        step();
+        check(counter->enters == 1 && counter->exits == 0,
+              "non physics components must not rebuild physics bodies");
+
+        crateBody->SetMass(5.0f);
+        step();
+        check(counter->enters == 2 && counter->exits == 1,
+              "rebuilding a body inside a trigger must exit the old body and enter the new one");
+
+        SceneManager::GetInstance().Destroy();
+    }
+
+    void testKinematicBodiesMoveWithVelocity()
+    {
+        constexpr float fixedDt = 1.0f / 60.0f;
+        Scene& scene = SceneManager::GetInstance().CreateScene("kinematic-velocity");
+
+        GameObject* platform = scene.CreateGameObject("platform");
+        platform->AddComponent<BoxCollider>(glm::vec3{2.0f, 0.25f, 2.0f});
+        auto* platformBody = platform->AddComponent<Rigidbody>();
+        platformBody->SetType(RigidbodyType::Kinematic);
+
+        GameObject* crate = scene.CreateGameObject("crate");
+        crate->GetTransform().SetWorldPosition({0.0f, 0.76f, 0.0f});
+        crate->AddComponent<BoxCollider>(glm::vec3{0.5f});
+        auto* crateBody = crate->AddComponent<Rigidbody>();
+        crateBody->SetFriction(1.0f);
+        crateBody->SetAllowSleep(false);
+
+        scene.CommitPendingAdditions();
+        scene.GetPhysics().RefreshGameObject(*platform);
+        scene.GetPhysics().RefreshGameObject(*crate);
+
+        for (int step = 0; step < 30; ++step) {
+            scene.FixedUpdate(fixedDt);
+        }
+        check(glm::length(platformBody->GetLinearVelocity()) < 0.001f,
+              "a kinematic body that is not moved must have no velocity");
+
+        constexpr float platformSpeed = 2.0f;
+        for (int step = 0; step < 60; ++step) {
+            platform->GetTransform().SetWorldPosition(
+                platform->GetTransform().GetWorldPosition() + glm::vec3{platformSpeed * fixedDt, 0.0f, 0.0f});
+            scene.FixedUpdate(fixedDt);
+        }
+
+        check(close(platformBody->GetLinearVelocity().x, platformSpeed),
+              "a kinematic body moved through its transform must get the matching velocity");
+        check(crate->GetTransform().GetWorldPosition().x > 1.5f,
+              "a dynamic body resting on a moving kinematic platform must be carried along");
+
+        SceneManager::GetInstance().Destroy();
+    }
+
+    void testColliderCenterOffset()
+    {
+        Scene& scene = SceneManager::GetInstance().CreateScene("collider-offset");
+
+        GameObject* box = scene.CreateGameObject("offset box");
+        box->AddComponent<BoxCollider>(glm::vec3{0.5f})->SetCenterOffset({0.0f, 5.0f, 0.0f});
+        box->AddComponent<Rigidbody>()->SetType(RigidbodyType::Static);
+        scene.CommitPendingAdditions();
+        scene.GetPhysics().RefreshGameObject(*box);
+
+        PhysicsRaycastHit hit{};
+        const bool found = box->GetComponent<Rigidbody>()->GetPhysicsWorld()->Raycast(
+            {0.0f, 10.0f, 0.0f}, {0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f}, 20.0f, hit);
+        check(found && std::abs(hit.distance - 4.5f) < 0.01f,
+              "a collider center offset must move the shape, not just the center of mass");
+
+        SceneManager::GetInstance().Destroy();
+    }
+
+    void testFrozenRotationCapsule()
+    {
+        Scene& scene = SceneManager::GetInstance().CreateScene("frozen-capsule");
+
+        GameObject* floor = scene.CreateGameObject("floor");
+        floor->GetTransform().SetLocalPosition({0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f});
+        floor->AddComponent<BoxCollider>(glm::vec3{10.0f, 0.5f, 10.0f});
+        floor->AddComponent<Rigidbody>()->SetType(RigidbodyType::Static);
+
+        GameObject* character = scene.CreateGameObject("character");
+        character->AddComponent<CapsuleCollider>(0.4f, 1.8f);
+        auto* body = character->AddComponent<Rigidbody>();
+        body->SetFriction(1.0f);
+        body->SetFreezeRotation(true);
+        character->GetTransform().SetWorldPosition({0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f});
+
+        GameObject* trigger = scene.CreateGameObject("trigger");
+        trigger->GetTransform().SetWorldPosition({2.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f});
+        trigger->AddComponent<BoxCollider>(glm::vec3{2.0f})->SetTrigger(true);
+        trigger->AddComponent<Rigidbody>()->SetType(RigidbodyType::Static);
+
+        scene.CommitPendingAdditions();
+        scene.GetPhysics().RefreshGameObject(*floor);
+        scene.GetPhysics().RefreshGameObject(*character);
+        scene.GetPhysics().RefreshGameObject(*trigger);
+
+        // Sliding with friction would tip a free capsule over
+        body->SetLinearVelocity({4.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f});
+        for (int step = 0; step < 180; ++step) {
+            scene.FixedUpdate(1.0f / 60.0f);
+        }
+
+        const glm::vec3 position = character->GetTransform().GetWorldPosition();
+        const glm::quat rotation = character->GetTransform().GetWorldRotation();
+        check(std::abs(rotation.w) > 0.999f, "a capsule with frozen rotation must stay upright");
+        check(std::abs(position.y - (-0.5f + 0.9f)) < 0.05f, "a capsule must rest on top of the floor");
+
+        // Cast from inside the capsule (and the trigger it is standing in), like a ground check does
+        PhysicsRaycastHit hit{};
+        const bool hitGround = body->GetPhysicsWorld()->Raycast(
+            position - glm::vec3{0.0f, 0.7f, 0.0f}, glm::vec3{0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f}, 0.3f, hit, body->GetBody());
+        check(hitGround && hit.object == floor && hit.normal.y > 0.9f,
+              "a ground ray must skip the caster and triggers and hit the floor");
+
+        PhysicsRaycastHit selfHit{};
+        check(body->GetPhysicsWorld()->Raycast(
+                  position - glm::vec3{0.0f, 0.7f, 0.0f}, glm::vec3{0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f}, 0.3f, selfHit) &&
+              selfHit.object == character,
+              "a ray that doesn't ignore the caster must hit it");
+
+        SceneManager::GetInstance().Destroy();
+    }
+
+    class TriggerTracker final : public Component {
+    public:
+        explicit TriggerTracker(GameObject& owner)
+            : Component(owner, "TriggerTracker") {}
+
+        void Update(float) override {}
+        std::string GetTypeName() const override { return "TriggerTracker"; }
+
+        void OnTriggerEnter(GameObject* other) override {
+            ++enterCount;
+            lastOther = other;
+            enterObjectName = other ? other->GetName() : "null";
+        }
+
+        void OnTriggerExit(GameObject*) override {
+            ++exitCount;
+        }
+
+        int enterCount{0};
+        int exitCount{0};
+        GameObject* lastOther{nullptr};
+        std::string enterObjectName;
+    };
+
+    void testTriggerZone()
+    {
+        Scene& scene = SceneManager::GetInstance().CreateScene("trigger-test");
+
+        // Trigger box at origin (Static rigidbody + BoxCollider as trigger).
+        GameObject* triggerObj = scene.CreateGameObject("TriggerZone");
+        triggerObj->AddComponent<BoxCollider>(glm::vec3{3.0f, 3.0f, 3.0f});
+        triggerObj->GetComponent<BoxCollider>()->SetTrigger(true);
+        auto* triggerRb = triggerObj->AddComponent<Rigidbody>();
+        triggerRb->SetType(RigidbodyType::Static);
+        auto* tracker = triggerObj->AddComponent<TriggerTracker>();
+
+        // Falling sphere above the trigger.
+        GameObject* sphere = scene.CreateGameObject("FallingSphere");
+        sphere->AddComponent<SphereCollider>(0.5f);
+        sphere->AddComponent<Rigidbody>();
+        sphere->GetTransform().SetWorldPosition({0.0f, 8.0f, 0.0f});
+
+        scene.CommitPendingAdditions();
+
+        // Run physics for enough steps that the sphere falls into the trigger.
+        for (int step = 0; step < 120; ++step) {
+            scene.FixedUpdate(1.0f / 60.0f);
+        }
+
+        check(tracker->enterCount >= 1,
+              "falling sphere must trigger OnTriggerEnter at least once");
+        check(tracker->exitCount >= 1,
+              "falling sphere passing through trigger must exit");
+        check(tracker->enterObjectName == "FallingSphere",
+              "OnTriggerEnter must report the correct entering object");
+
+        SceneManager::GetInstance().Destroy();
+    }
+}
+
+void RunPhysicsTests()
+{
+    testPhysicsWorldUnits();
+    testJoltSphereCollisions();
+    testSceneJoltSphereCollisions();
+    testNonPhysicsChangesKeepBodies();
+    testKinematicBodiesMoveWithVelocity();
+    testColliderCenterOffset();
+    testFrozenRotationCapsule();
+    testTriggerZone();
+}

tests/serialization_tests.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,298 @@
+#include <cmath>
+#include <filesystem>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <string>
+#include <unordered_set>
+
+#include <destrum/ObjectModel/Component.h>
+#include <destrum/ObjectModel/GameObject.h>
+#include <destrum/Scene/Scene.h>
+#include <destrum/Scene/SceneManager.h>
+#include <destrum/Serialization/GlmJson.h>
+#include <destrum/Serialization/SceneSerializer.h>
+#include <destrum/Components/CameraComponent.h>
+#include <destrum/Components/LightComponent.h>
+#include <destrum/Components/Physics/Rigidbody.h>
+
+#include "TestUtils.h"
+
+using namespace test;
+
+namespace {
+    void testSceneRoundTrip()
+    {
+        Scene& scene = SceneManager::GetInstance().CreateScene("round-trip");
+        GameObject* parent = scene.CreateGameObject("parent");
+        GameObject* child = scene.CreateGameObject("child");
+        child->GetTransform().SetLocalPosition({1.f, 2.f, 3.f});
+        child->GetTransform().SetParent(&parent->GetTransform(), false);
+        scene.CommitPendingAdditions();
+
+        SceneEnvironment& environment = scene.GetEnvironment();
+        environment.ambientColor = {0.2f, 0.3f, 0.4f};
+        environment.ambientIntensity = 2.0f;
+        environment.fogColor = {0.6f, 0.7f, 0.8f};
+        environment.fogDensity = 0.05f;
+        environment.skyboxRotationSpeed = 0.5f;
+        environment.skyboxRotation = 1.0f;
+        scene.Update(1.0f);
+        check(close(environment.skyboxRotation, 1.5f), "scene updates must spin the skybox");
+
+        const auto path = std::filesystem::temp_directory_path() / "destrum_scene_test.json";
+        check(SceneSerializer::Save(scene, path), "scene save must succeed");
+        check(SceneSerializer::Load(scene, path), "scene load must succeed");
+        std::filesystem::remove(path);
+
+        check(scene.GetObjects().size() == 2, "scene round-trip must preserve objects");
+        const auto* loadedChild = scene.GetObjects().at(1).get();
+        check(loadedChild->GetTransform().GetParent() != nullptr,
+              "scene round-trip must preserve hierarchy");
+        check(close(loadedChild->GetTransform().GetLocalPosition().x, 1.f),
+              "scene round-trip must preserve local transforms");
+        const SceneEnvironment& loadedEnvironment = scene.GetEnvironment();
+        check(loadedEnvironment.ambientColor == glm::vec3{0.2f, 0.3f, 0.4f} &&
+              close(loadedEnvironment.ambientIntensity, 2.0f) &&
+              loadedEnvironment.fogColor == glm::vec3{0.6f, 0.7f, 0.8f} &&
+              close(loadedEnvironment.fogDensity, 0.05f) &&
+              close(loadedEnvironment.skyboxRotationSpeed, 0.5f) &&
+              close(loadedEnvironment.skyboxRotation, 1.5f),
+              "scene round-trip must preserve the environment settings");
+
+        SceneManager::GetInstance().Destroy();
+    }
+
+    void testLegacySceneLoad()
+    {
+        Scene& scene = SceneManager::GetInstance().CreateScene("legacy");
+        const auto path = std::filesystem::temp_directory_path() / "destrum_legacy_scene.json";
+        std::ofstream{path}
+            << R"({"version":1,"name":"legacy","objects":[{"id":9001,"name":"object","active":true,"transform":{},"parent":0,"components":[]}]})";
+
+        check(SceneSerializer::Load(scene, path),
+              "version 1 placeholder transforms must remain loadable");
+        check(scene.GetObjects().size() == 1,
+              "legacy scene load must create its object");
+
+        std::filesystem::remove(path);
+        SceneManager::GetInstance().Destroy();
+    }
+
+    void testSceneLoadRollback()
+    {
+        Scene& scene = SceneManager::GetInstance().CreateScene("rollback");
+        scene.CreateGameObject("original");
+        scene.CommitPendingAdditions();
+
+        const auto path = std::filesystem::temp_directory_path() / "destrum_bad_scene.json";
+        std::ofstream{path}
+            << R"({"version":2,"name":"bad","objects":[{"id":9101,"name":"bad","transform":{"position":[0,0,0],"rotation":[0,0,0,1],"scale":[1,1,1]},"parent":0,"components":[{"type":"Rigidbody","enabled":true,"data":{}}]}]})";
+
+        check(!SceneSerializer::Load(scene, path),
+              "scene loading must reject a rigidbody without a collider");
+        check(scene.GetObjects().size() == 1 && scene.GetObjects().at(0)->GetName() == "original",
+              "failed scene loading must preserve the live scene");
+
+        std::filesystem::remove(path);
+        SceneManager::GetInstance().Destroy();
+    }
+
+    void testLightComponentRoundTrip()
+    {
+        GameObject object{"light"};
+        auto* light = object.AddComponent<LightComponent>(LightType::Spot);
+        light->SetColor(glm::vec3{1.0f, 0.5f, 0.25f});
+        light->SetIntensity(4.0f);
+        light->SetRange(7.5f);
+        light->SetConeAngles(0.2f, 0.4f);
+        light->SetCastShadows(true);
+
+        const auto data = light->Serialize();
+
+        GameObject loadedObject{"loaded light"};
+        auto* loaded = loadedObject.AddComponent<LightComponent>();
+        loaded->Deserialize(data);
+
+        check(loaded->GetType() == LightType::Spot,
+              "LightComponent must round-trip its type");
+        check(loaded->GetColor() == glm::vec3{1.0f, 0.5f, 0.25f},
+              "LightComponent must round-trip its color");
+        check(loaded->GetIntensity() == 4.0f && loaded->GetRange() == 7.5f,
+              "LightComponent must round-trip intensity and range");
+        check(loaded->GetInnerConeAngle() == 0.2f && loaded->GetOuterConeAngle() == 0.4f,
+              "LightComponent must round-trip its cone angles");
+        check(loaded->GetCastShadows(),
+              "LightComponent must round-trip its cast shadows flag");
+
+        loaded->SetConeAngles(0.5f, 0.1f);
+        check(loaded->GetOuterConeAngle() >= loaded->GetInnerConeAngle(),
+              "LightComponent outer cone must never be smaller than the inner cone");
+
+        loaded->SetRange(0.0f);
+        check(loaded->GetRange() > 0.0f,
+              "LightComponent range must stay positive");
+    }
+
+    void testSceneSaveRejectsNonFinite()
+    {
+        Scene& scene = SceneManager::GetInstance().CreateScene("non-finite");
+        GameObject* object = scene.CreateGameObject("object");
+        scene.CommitPendingAdditions();
+
+        const auto path = std::filesystem::temp_directory_path() / "destrum_non_finite_scene.json";
+        check(SceneSerializer::Save(scene, path), "a finite scene must save");
+        const std::string goodContents = readFile(path);
+
+        object->GetTransform().SetLocalPosition({std::nanf(""), 0.0f, 0.0f});
+        check(!SceneSerializer::Save(scene, path), "a scene with NaN values must not save");
+        check(readFile(path) == goodContents, "a failed save must leave the previous file untouched");
+        check(!std::filesystem::exists(std::filesystem::path{path} += ".tmp"),
+              "a failed save must not leave its temp file behind");
+
+        std::filesystem::remove(path);
+        SceneManager::GetInstance().Destroy();
+    }
+
+    void testSceneValidationErrors()
+    {
+        const auto path = std::filesystem::temp_directory_path() / "destrum_invalid_scene.json";
+        std::ofstream{path}
+            << R"({"version":2,"name":"bad","objects":[{"id":7,"name":"Lamp","transform":{"position":[0,0,0],"rotation":[0,0,0,1],"scale":[1,1,1]},"parent":0,"components":[{"type":"NotAComponent","enabled":true,"data":{}}]}]})";
+
+        const auto result = SceneSerializer::LoadSceneFile(path);
+        check(!result.success, "a scene with an unknown component must not load");
+        check(result.errorMessage.find("\"Lamp\"") != std::string::npos &&
+              result.errorMessage.find("NotAComponent") != std::string::npos &&
+              result.errorMessage.find("unknown component type") != std::string::npos,
+              "scene validation errors must name the object, component and problem");
+
+        std::ofstream{path}
+            << R"({"version":2,"objects":[{"id":7,"name":"Lamp","components":[{"type":"Spinner","data":["message","hi"]}]}]})";
+        const auto arrayData = SceneSerializer::LoadSceneFile(path);
+        check(!arrayData.success && arrayData.errorMessage.find("must be an object") != std::string::npos,
+              "component data that is not an object must be rejected with a reason");
+
+        std::filesystem::remove(path);
+    }
+
+    void testSceneLoadRestoresBindings()
+    {
+        Scene& scene = SceneManager::GetInstance().CreateScene("bindings");
+        int registered = 0;
+        int unregistered = 0;
+        scene.SetRegisterBindings([&registered] { ++registered; });
+        scene.SetUnregisterBindings([&unregistered] { ++unregistered; });
+        scene.Load();
+        const int registeredBefore = registered;
+        const int unregisteredBefore = unregistered;
+        scene.CreateGameObject("object");
+        scene.CommitPendingAdditions();
+
+        const auto path = std::filesystem::temp_directory_path() / "destrum_bindings_scene.json";
+        check(SceneSerializer::Save(scene, path), "the bindings scene must save");
+        check(SceneSerializer::Load(scene, path), "the bindings scene must load");
+        std::filesystem::remove(path);
+
+        check(registered - registeredBefore == 1 && unregistered - unregisteredBefore == 1, "loading a scene in place must register its bindings again");
+
+        scene.SetRegisterBindings(nullptr);
+        scene.SetUnregisterBindings(nullptr);
+        SceneManager::GetInstance().Destroy();
+    }
+
+    void testSceneLoadDropsMissingCamera()
+    {
+        Scene& scene = SceneManager::GetInstance().CreateScene("missing camera");
+        const auto path = std::filesystem::temp_directory_path() / "destrum_missing_camera_scene.json";
+        std::ofstream{path}
+            << R"({"version":2,"currentCamera":4242,"objects":[{"id":11,"name":"object"}]})";
+
+        check(SceneSerializer::Load(scene, path), "a scene with a dangling camera id must still load");
+        check(scene.GetCurrentCamera() == nullptr, "a dangling current camera id must be ignored");
+
+        std::filesystem::remove(path);
+        SceneManager::GetInstance().Destroy();
+    }
+
+    void testGlmJson()
+    {
+        const nlohmann::json vec = glm::vec3{1.0f, 2.5f, -3.0f};
+        check(vec == nlohmann::json::array({1.0f, 2.5f, -3.0f}), "vec3 must serialize as a 3 number array");
+        check(vec.get<glm::vec3>() == glm::vec3{1.0f, 2.5f, -3.0f}, "vec3 must round-trip through json");
+
+        const glm::quat rotation = glm::angleAxis(0.5f, glm::vec3{0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f});
+        const nlohmann::json quat = rotation;
+        check(quat.size() == 4 && close(quat.at(3).get<float>(), rotation.w),
+              "quaternions must serialize as [x, y, z, w]");
+        check(quat.get<glm::quat>() == rotation, "quaternions must round-trip through json");
+
+        bool rejected = false;
+        try {
+            (void)nlohmann::json::array({1.0f, 2.0f}).get<glm::vec3>();
+        } catch (const std::exception&) {
+            rejected = true;
+        }
+        check(rejected, "a vec3 must reject arrays of the wrong size");
+
+        const nlohmann::json data = {{"axis", nlohmann::json::array({0, 1, 0})}};
+        check(data.value("axis", glm::vec3{0.0f}) == glm::vec3{0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f} &&
+              data.value("missing", glm::vec3{7.0f}) == glm::vec3{7.0f},
+              "json value() must work with glm defaults");
+    }
+
+    void testSceneFileIdsAreLocal()
+    {
+        const auto path = std::filesystem::temp_directory_path() / "destrum_local_ids_scene.json";
+        std::ofstream{path}
+            << R"({"version":2,"currentCamera":2,"objects":[)"
+               R"({"id":1,"name":"root"},)"
+               R"({"id":2,"name":"child","parent":1,"components":[{"type":"CameraComponent"}]}]})";
+
+        Scene& first = SceneManager::GetInstance().CreateScene("local ids a");
+        Scene& second = SceneManager::GetInstance().CreateScene("local ids b");
+        check(SceneSerializer::Load(first, path), "the first copy of the scene must load");
+        check(SceneSerializer::Load(second, path), "the second copy of the scene must load");
+        std::filesystem::remove(path);
+        first.CommitPendingAdditions();
+        second.CommitPendingAdditions();
+
+        std::unordered_set<ObjectId> ids;
+        std::size_t count = 0;
+        for (const Scene* scene : {&first, &second}) {
+            for (const auto& object : scene->GetObjects()) {
+                ids.insert(object->GetId());
+                ++count;
+            }
+        }
+        check(count == 4 && ids.size() == 4, "loading one file into two scenes must not duplicate ids");
+
+        for (const Scene* scene : {&first, &second}) {
+            const CameraComponent* camera = scene->GetCurrentCamera();
+            check(camera != nullptr && camera->GetGameObject()->GetName() == "child" &&
+                  camera->GetGameObject()->GetScene() == scene,
+                  "the current camera must be remapped to the object in its own scene");
+            const Transform* parent = camera->GetGameObject()->GetTransform().GetParent();
+            check(parent != nullptr && parent->GetOwner()->GetName() == "root" &&
+                  parent->GetOwner()->GetScene() == scene,
+                  "parents must be remapped within each loaded scene");
+        }
+
+        const GameObject* fresh = first.CreateGameObject("fresh");
+        check(!ids.contains(fresh->GetId()), "objects created after a load must get unused ids");
+
+        SceneManager::GetInstance().Destroy();
+    }
+}
+
+void RunSerializationTests()
+{
+    testSceneRoundTrip();
+    testLegacySceneLoad();
+    testSceneLoadRollback();
+    testLightComponentRoundTrip();
+    testSceneSaveRejectsNonFinite();
+    testSceneValidationErrors();
+    testSceneLoadRestoresBindings();
+    testSceneLoadDropsMissingCamera();
+    testGlmJson();
+    testSceneFileIdsAreLocal();
+}

tests/ui_tests.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+#include <filesystem>
+#include <string>
+
+#include <destrum/ObjectModel/Component.h>
+#include <destrum/ObjectModel/GameObject.h>
+#include <destrum/Scene/Scene.h>
+#include <destrum/Scene/SceneManager.h>
+#include <destrum/Serialization/ComponentFactory.h>
+#include <destrum/Serialization/ComponentRegistry.h>
+#include <destrum/Serialization/GlmJson.h>
+#include <destrum/Serialization/SceneSerializer.h>
+#include <destrum/Components/UI/Canvas.h>
+#include <destrum/Components/UI/RectTransform.h>
+#include <destrum/Components/UI/UIImage.h>
+#include <destrum/Components/UI/UIText.h>
+#include <destrum/Graphics/Managers/Renderer2D.h>
+#include <destrum/Graphics/Resources/Font.h>
+
+#include <components/CrosshairUI.h>
+#include <components/FirstPersonController.h>
+#include <components/WinGoal.h>
+#include <components/WinScreenUI.h>
+
+#include "TestUtils.h"
+
+using namespace test;
+
+namespace {
+    void testCanvasLayout()
+    {
+        Scene& scene = SceneManager::GetInstance().CreateScene("canvas");
+        GameObject* hud = scene.CreateGameObject("hud");
+        auto* canvas = hud->AddComponent<Canvas>();
+        const auto addChild = [&](const std::string& name, GameObject& parent) {
+            GameObject* child = scene.CreateGameObject(name);
+            child->GetTransform().SetParent(&parent.GetTransform(), false);
+            return child;
+        };
+
+        GameObject* panel = addChild("panel", *hud);
+        auto* panelRect = panel->AddComponent<RectTransform>();
+        panelRect->SetSize({100.0f, 50.0f});
+        panelRect->SetPosition({10.0f, 0.0f});
+        panel->AddComponent<UIImage>(glm::vec4{1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f});
+
+        GameObject* fill = addChild("fill", *panel);
+        fill->AddComponent<UIImage>(glm::vec4{0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f})->SetShape(UIImageShape::Ellipse);
+
+        GameObject* corner = addChild("corner", *hud);
+        auto* cornerRect = corner->AddComponent<RectTransform>();
+        cornerRect->SetAnchor({1.0f, 1.0f});
+        cornerRect->SetPivot({1.0f, 1.0f});
+        cornerRect->SetPosition({-20.0f, -20.0f});
+        cornerRect->SetSize({40.0f, 40.0f});
+        corner->AddComponent<UIImage>();
+
+        GameObject* hidden = addChild("hidden", *hud);
+        auto* hiddenRect = hidden->AddComponent<RectTransform>();
+        hiddenRect->SetSize({20.0f, 20.0f});
+        hidden->AddComponent<UIImage>();
+        hidden->SetActive(false);
+
+        GameObject* nested = addChild("nested", *hud);
+        nested->AddComponent<Canvas>();
+        nested->AddComponent<UIImage>();
+        scene.CommitPendingAdditions();
+
+        auto& r2d = Renderer2D::GetInstance();
+        r2d.Clear();
+        canvas->Draw({1920.0f, 1080.0f});
+        const auto& shapes = r2d.GetShapes();
+        check(shapes.size() == 3, "a canvas must draw its active children and skip inactive ones and nested canvases");
+        check(shapes[0].type == Shape2DType::Rect && shapes[0].center == glm::vec2{970.0f, 540.0f} &&
+              shapes[0].halfSize == glm::vec2{50.0f, 25.0f},
+              "a centered rect must be placed around its anchor, offset by its position");
+        check(shapes[1].type == Shape2DType::Ellipse && shapes[1].center == shapes[0].center &&
+              shapes[1].halfSize == shapes[0].halfSize,
+              "an object without a RectTransform must fill its parent and draw after it");
+        check(shapes[2].center == glm::vec2{1880.0f, 1040.0f},
+              "anchors and pivot must place a rect relative to the screen corner");
+        check(panelRect->GetScreenRect().min == glm::vec2{920.0f, 515.0f},
+              "the canvas must store where it drew each rect");
+        check(hiddenRect->GetScreenRect().size == glm::vec2{20.0f, 20.0f},
+              "hidden objects must still be laid out so the editor can show them");
+
+        r2d.Clear();
+        canvas->Draw({3840.0f, 2160.0f});
+        check(r2d.GetShapes().size() == 3 && r2d.GetShapes()[0].halfSize == glm::vec2{100.0f, 50.0f} &&
+              r2d.GetShapes()[0].center == glm::vec2{1940.0f, 1080.0f},
+              "sizes and offsets must scale with the screen height");
+
+        canvas->SetScaleMode(CanvasScaleMode::ConstantPixelSize);
+        r2d.Clear();
+        canvas->Draw({3840.0f, 2160.0f});
+        check(r2d.GetShapes()[0].halfSize == glm::vec2{50.0f, 25.0f}, "a constant pixel size canvas must not scale");
+
+        check(Canvas::FindFor(*fill) == canvas && Canvas::FindFor(*nested) == nested->GetComponent<Canvas>(),
+              "FindFor must return the closest canvas on the object or its parents");
+        check(cornerRect->GetParentRect().size == glm::vec2{3840.0f, 2160.0f},
+              "the canvas must store the parent rect each rect was laid out in");
+
+        cornerRect->ApplyAnchorPreset({0.0f, -1.0f});
+        check(cornerRect->GetAnchorMin() == glm::vec2{0.0f, 0.0f} && cornerRect->GetAnchorMax() == glm::vec2{0.0f, 1.0f} &&
+              cornerRect->GetPivot() == glm::vec2{0.0f, 0.5f} && cornerRect->GetPosition() == glm::vec2{0.0f} &&
+              cornerRect->GetSize() == glm::vec2{40.0f, 0.0f},
+              "an anchor preset must pin or stretch each axis and keep the size on pinned axes");
+
+        panelRect->Stretch();
+        check(panelRect->ComputeRect(UIRect{.min = {10.0f, 20.0f}, .size = {30.0f, 40.0f}}, 2.0f).size == glm::vec2{30.0f, 40.0f},
+              "a stretched rect must fill its parent");
+        r2d.Clear();
+
+        SceneManager::GetInstance().Destroy();
+    }
+
+    void testUITextPlacement()
+    {
+        Scene& scene = SceneManager::GetInstance().CreateScene("ui text");
+        auto* text = scene.CreateGameObject("text")->AddComponent<UIText>("hi", 20.0f);
+        const UIRect rect{.min = {100.0f, 100.0f}, .size = {200.0f, 100.0f}};
+
+        check(text->PlaceText(rect, {50.0f, 20.0f}) == glm::vec2{175.0f, 140.0f}, "text must be centered by default");
+        text->SetAlignment(UITextAlign::End, UITextAlign::Start);
+        check(text->PlaceText(rect, {50.0f, 20.0f}) == glm::vec2{250.0f, 100.0f}, "text must follow its alignment");
+
+        SceneManager::GetInstance().Destroy();
+    }
+
+    void testHudRoundTrip()
+    {
+        RegisterEngineComponents();
+        ComponentFactory::Register<CrosshairUI>("CrosshairUI");
+        ComponentFactory::Register<WinScreenUI>("WinScreenUI");
+        ComponentFactory::Register<WinGoal>("WinGoal");
+        ComponentFactory::Register<FirstPersonController>("FirstPersonController");
+
+        Scene& scene = SceneManager::GetInstance().CreateScene("hud");
+        GameObject* player = scene.CreateGameObject("player");
+        player->AddComponent<FirstPersonController>();
+        GameObject* goal = scene.CreateGameObject("goal");
+        auto* winGoal = goal->AddComponent<WinGoal>();
+
+        GameObject* hud = scene.CreateGameObject("hud");
+        hud->AddComponent<Canvas>()->SetReferenceHeight(720.0f);
+        GameObject* crosshair = scene.CreateGameObject("crosshair");
+        crosshair->GetTransform().SetParent(&hud->GetTransform(), false);
+        auto* crosshairRect = crosshair->AddComponent<RectTransform>();
+        crosshairRect->SetAnchors({0.25f, 0.5f}, {0.75f, 0.5f});
+        crosshair->AddComponent<UIImage>()->SetOutline(3.0f);
+        GameObject* screen = scene.CreateGameObject("screen");
+        screen->GetTransform().SetParent(&hud->GetTransform(), false);
+        auto* label = screen->AddComponent<UIText>("YOU WIN", 64.0f);
+        label->SetAlignment(UITextAlign::Start, UITextAlign::End);
+
+        auto* crosshairUi = hud->AddComponent<CrosshairUI>();
+        crosshairUi->SetPlayer(*player);
+        crosshairUi->SetCrosshair(*crosshair);
+        auto* winScreenUi = hud->AddComponent<WinScreenUI>();
+        winScreenUi->SetGoal(*goal);
+        winScreenUi->SetScreen(*screen);
+        scene.CommitPendingAdditions();
+
+        crosshairUi->LateUpdate(0.0f);
+        winScreenUi->LateUpdate(0.0f);
+        check(!crosshair->IsActive(), "the crosshair must hide while the player isn't possessed");
+        check(!screen->IsActive(), "the win screen must hide until the goal is reached");
+        winGoal->Activate(*player);
+        winScreenUi->LateUpdate(0.0f);
+        check(screen->IsActive(), "the win screen must show once the goal is reached");
+
+        const auto path = std::filesystem::temp_directory_path() / "destrum_hud_scene.json";
+        check(SceneSerializer::Save(scene, path), "the hud scene must save");
+        Scene& copy = SceneManager::GetInstance().CreateScene("hud copy");
+        check(SceneSerializer::Load(copy, path), "the hud scene must load");
+        std::filesystem::remove(path);
+        copy.CommitPendingAdditions();
+
+        GameObject* loadedHud = findByName(copy, "hud");
+        GameObject* loadedCrosshair = findByName(copy, "crosshair");
+        GameObject* loadedScreen = findByName(copy, "screen");
+        check(loadedHud != nullptr && loadedCrosshair != nullptr && loadedScreen != nullptr,
+              "the hud objects must survive a round-trip");
+        check(loadedCrosshair->GetTransform().GetParent() == &loadedHud->GetTransform(),
+              "ui objects must stay parented to their canvas");
+
+        const auto* loadedCanvas = loadedHud->GetComponent<Canvas>();
+        check(loadedCanvas != nullptr && loadedCanvas->GetReferenceHeight() == 720.0f, "canvas settings must round-trip");
+        const auto* loadedRect = loadedCrosshair->GetComponent<RectTransform>();
+        check(loadedRect != nullptr && loadedRect->GetAnchorMin() == glm::vec2{0.25f, 0.5f} &&
+              loadedRect->GetAnchorMax() == glm::vec2{0.75f, 0.5f},
+              "rect transforms must round-trip");
+        const auto* loadedImage = loadedCrosshair->GetComponent<UIImage>();
+        check(loadedImage != nullptr && loadedImage->GetOutline() == 3.0f, "ui images must round-trip");
+        const auto* loadedLabel = loadedScreen->GetComponent<UIText>();
+        check(loadedLabel != nullptr && loadedLabel->GetText() == "YOU WIN" && loadedLabel->GetFontSize() == 64.0f &&
+              loadedLabel->GetHorizontalAlign() == UITextAlign::Start &&
+              loadedLabel->GetVerticalAlign() == UITextAlign::End,
+              "ui text must round-trip");
+
+        const auto* loadedCrosshairUi = loadedHud->GetComponent<CrosshairUI>();
+        const auto* loadedWinScreenUi = loadedHud->GetComponent<WinScreenUI>();
+        check(loadedCrosshairUi != nullptr && loadedCrosshairUi->GetPlayer().Get(copy) == findByName(copy, "player") &&
+              loadedCrosshairUi->GetCrosshair().Get(copy) == loadedCrosshair,
+              "crosshair references must point at the loaded objects");
+        check(loadedWinScreenUi != nullptr && loadedWinScreenUi->GetGoal().Get(copy) == findByName(copy, "goal") &&
+              loadedWinScreenUi->GetScreen().Get(copy) == loadedScreen,
+              "win screen references must point at the loaded objects");
+
+        SceneManager::GetInstance().Destroy();
+    }
+}
+
+void RunUiTests()
+{
+    testCanvasLayout();
+    testUITextPlacement();
+    testHudRoundTrip();
+}